Now, let's see how you could use that to return a custom response.

Let's say that you want to return an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" class="external-link" target="_blank">XML</a> response.

You could put your XML content in a string, put that in a `Response`, and return it:

For that you need to access the request directly.

{* ../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py hl[1,7:8] *}

By declaring a *path operation function* parameter with the type being the `Request` **FastAPI** will know to pass the `Request` in that parameter.

/// tip

Note that in this case, we are declaring a path parameter beside the request parameter.

## Introduction

MinIO provides a custom STS API that allows authentication with client X.509 / TLS certificates.

external etcd endpoints passed in the `ClusterConfiguration` that have Unicode characters are no longer IDNA encoded (converted to Punycode). They are now just URL encoded as per Go's implementation of RFC-3986, have duplicate "/" removed from the URL paths, and passed like that directly to the `kube-apiserver` `--etcd-servers` flag. If you have etcd endpoints that have Unicode characters, it is advisable to encode them in advance with tooling that is fully IDNA compliant. If you don't do that, the Go standard...

Each file in that directory contains a list of features that may be added
to the next release of Go. The files in this directory only affect the
warning output from the go api tool. Each file should be named
nnnnn.txt, after the issue number for the accepted proposal.
(The #nnnnn suffix must also appear at the end of each line in the file;
that will be preserved when next/*.txt is concatenated into go1.XX.txt.)

    }

    // Test isUseTimeZoneHandling() method
    public void test_isUseTimeZoneHandling() {
        // Verify that time zone handling is disabled
        assertFalse(provider.isUseTimeZoneHandling());
    }

    // Test isAcceptCookieTimeZone() method
    public void test_isAcceptCookieTimeZone() {
        // Verify that cookie time zone is not accepted
        assertFalse(provider.isAcceptCookieTimeZone());
    }

 * This exception indicates that the required container or a specific component within it cannot be accessed.
 */
public class ContainerNotAvailableException extends FessSystemException {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /** The name of the component that is not available. */
    private String componentName;

    /**

        etc.) may break.
    *   Code that uses full path for `get_concrete_function` to trace Keras
        symbolic inputs directly should switch to building matching
        `tf.TensorSpec`s directly and tracing the `TensorSpec` objects.
    *   Code that relies on the exact number and names of the op layers that
        TensorFlow operations were converted into may have changed.

Create functions with a name that starts with `test_` (this is standard `pytest` conventions).

Use the `TestClient` object the same way as you do with `httpx`.

Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you need to check (again, standard `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip

Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`.

## Mounting a **FastAPI** application { #mounting-a-fastapi-application }

"Mounting" means adding a completely "independent" application in a specific path, that then takes care of handling everything under that path, with the _path operations_ declared in that sub-application.

### Top-level application { #top-level-application }

First, create the main, top-level, **FastAPI** application, and its *path operations*: