import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@code UnicodeEscaper} that escapes some set of Java characters using a UTF-8 based percent
 * encoding scheme. The set of safe characters (those which remain unescaped) can be specified on
 * construction.
 *
 * <p>This class is primarily used for creating URI escapers in {@link UrlEscapers} but can be used

   * <ul>
   *   <li>It is <i>consistent</i>: for any reference {@code x}, multiple invocations of {@code
   *       hash(x}} consistently return the same value provided {@code x} remains unchanged
   *       according to the definition of the equivalence. The hash need not remain consistent from
   *       one execution of an application to another execution of the same application.

   - Reference related issues (e.g., “Closes #1234”).
   - Notify team members via GitHub `@mentions` if urgent or complex.

## Reviewing PRs

Reviewers ensure MinIO’s commit history remains a clear, reliable record. Responsibilities include:

1. **Commit Quality**:
   - Verify each commit explains *why* the change was made (e.g., “So that…”).

        if (result < 0) {
          result = UnsignedLongs.remainder(result, m);
        }
        // result < 2^63 again
        result += aLo * bHi; // aLo * bHi < 2^63, result < 2^64
        result = times2ToThe32Mod(result, m); // result < m < 2^63
        return plusMod(result, UnsignedLongs.remainder(aLo * bLo /* < 2^64 */, m), m);
      }

      @Override

import org.apache.maven.artifact.repository.ArtifactRepository;
import org.apache.maven.artifact.resolver.ArtifactResolutionException;

/**
 * Occurs when ranges exclude each other and no valid value remains.
 *
 */
public class OverConstrainedVersionException extends ArtifactResolutionException {
    public OverConstrainedVersionException(String msg, Artifact artifact) {
        super(msg, artifact);
    }

        assertEquals("test query", queryContext.getQueryString());
        assertEquals("url", queryContext.getDefaultField());
    }

    // Test constructor with allinurl prefix and empty remainder
    public void test_constructor_allinurlPrefixEmptyRemainder() {
        queryContext = new QueryContext("allinurl:", false);
        assertEquals("*", queryContext.getQueryString());

        // Verify encoded length
        assertEquals(0, encodedLen, "Encoded length should be zero for zero length encodable");
        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, dest, "Destination array should remain unchanged for zero length encoding");
    }

    @Test
    void testEncodeEmptySourceArray() {
        // Test with an empty source array
        byte[] data = {};

   * key. When a key-value pair is added to a multimap that didn't previously
   * contain any values for that key, a new collection generated by
   * createCollection is added to the map. That same collection instance
   * remains in the map as long as the multimap has any values for the key. If
   * all values for the key are removed, the key and collection are removed
   * from the map.
   *

       *
       * Maybe there is a way to avoid this cycle. But we think the cycle is safe enough to ignore:
       * Each task is retained for only as long as it is running -- so it's retained only as long as
       * it would already be retained by the underlying executor.
       *
       * If the cycle test starts reporting this cycle in the future, we should add an entry to
       * cycle_suppress_list.txt.

    the [Guava Beta Checker] to ensure that you do not use any `@Beta` APIs!**

2.  APIs without `@Beta` will remain binary-compatible for the indefinite
    future. (Previously, we sometimes removed such APIs after a deprecation
    period. The last release to remove non-`@Beta` APIs was Guava 21.0.) Even
    `@Deprecated` APIs will remain (again, unless they are `@Beta`). We have no
    plans to start removing things again, but officially, we're leaving our