## Alias de paramètres

Imaginez que vous vouliez que votre paramètre se nomme `item-query`.

Comme dans la requête :

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?item-query=foobaritems
```

Mais `item-query` n'est pas un nom de variable valide en Python.

Le nom le plus proche serait `item_query`.

Mais vous avez vraiment envie que ce soit exactement `item-query`...

Declare os **parâmetros de consulta** que você precisa em um **modelo Pydantic**, e então declare o parâmetro como `Query`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="9-13  17"
{!> ../../docs_src/query_param_models/tutorial001_an_py310.py!}
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python hl_lines="8-12  16"
{!> ../../docs_src/query_param_models/tutorial001_an_py39.py!}
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.8+

# Query-параметры

Когда вы объявляете параметры функции, которые не являются параметрами пути,  они автоматически интерпретируются как "query"-параметры.

```Python hl_lines="9"
{!../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial001.py!}
```

Query-параметры представляют из себя набор пар ключ-значение, которые идут после знака `?` в URL-адресе, разделенные символами `&`.

Например, в этом URL-адресе:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?skip=0&limit=10
```

# Query-Parameter

Wenn Sie in ihrer Funktion Parameter deklarieren, die nicht Teil der Pfad-Parameter sind, dann werden diese automatisch als „Query“-Parameter interpretiert.

```Python hl_lines="9"
{!../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial001.py!}
```

Query-Parameter (Deutsch: Abfrage-Parameter) sind die Schlüssel-Wert-Paare, die nach dem `?` in einer URL aufgelistet sind, getrennt durch `&`-Zeichen.

Zum Beispiel sind in der URL:

```

package callbacks

import (
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
	"strings"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
)

func Query(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil {
		BuildQuerySQL(db)

		if !db.DryRun && db.Error == nil {
			rows, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.QueryContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
			if err != nil {
				db.AddError(err)

# Query Parameters

When you declare other function parameters that are not part of the path parameters, they are automatically interpreted as "query" parameters.

```Python hl_lines="9"
{!../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial001.py!}
```

The query is the set of key-value pairs that go after the `?` in a URL, separated by `&` characters.

For example, in the URL:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?skip=0&limit=10
```

# Query Parameter Models

If you have a group of **query parameters** that are related, you can create a **Pydantic model** to declare them.

This would allow you to **re-use the model** in **multiple places** and also to declare validations and metadata for all the parameters at once. 😎

/// note

This is supported since FastAPI version `0.115.0`. 🤓

///

## Query Parameters with a Pydantic Model

{
  sum(query, by=[]):
    if std.length(by) == 0 then
      'sum (%s)' % [query]
    else
      'sum by (%s) (%s)' % [std.join(',', by), query],
  irate(query):
    'irate(%s[$__rate_interval])' % query,
  rate(query):
    'rate(%s[$__rate_interval])' % query,
  round(query, by=0.01):
    'round(%s, %s)' % [query, by],
  quantile(quantile, query):
    'histogram_quantile(%s, %s)' %[quantile, query],
  labels(metric_name, labels):

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item
```

...필수 매개변수 `needy`를 넣지 않았기 때문에 아래와 같은 오류를 보게 됩니다:

```JSON
{
    "detail": [
        {
            "loc": [
                "query",
                "needy"
            ],
            "msg": "field required",
            "type": "value_error.missing"
        }
    ]
}
```

`needy`는 필수 매개변수이므로 URL에 반드시 설정해줘야 합니다:

在浏览器中打开如下 URL：

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item
```

……因为路径中没有必选参数 `needy`，返回的响应中会显示如下错误信息：

```JSON
{
    "detail": [
        {
            "loc": [
                "query",
                "needy"
            ],
            "msg": "field required",
            "type": "value_error.missing"
        }
    ]
}
```

`needy` 是必选参数，因此要在 URL 中设置值：

```