### Data protection

        MapEntrySetTester.getSetValueWithNullValuesPresentMethod(),
        MapEntrySetTester.getIteratorSetValueAndRemove());
  }

  public Test testsForCheckedMap() {
    return MapTestSuiteBuilder.using(
            new TestStringMapGenerator() {
              @Override
              protected Map<String, String> create(Entry<String, String>[] entries) {

This section describes how to generate a self-signed certificate using various tools:

* 3.1 [Use certgen to Generate a Certificate](#using-go)
* 3.2 [Use OpenSSL to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl)
* 3.3 [Use OpenSSL (with IP address) to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl-with-ip)
* 3.4 [Use GnuTLS (for Windows) to Generate a Certificate](#using-gnu-tls)

**Note:**

# Async Tests { #async-tests }

You have already seen how to test your **FastAPI** applications using the provided `TestClient`. Up to now, you have only seen how to write synchronous tests, without using `async` functions.

# Using Dataclasses { #using-dataclasses }

FastAPI is built on top of **Pydantic**, and I have been showing you how to use Pydantic models to declare requests and responses.

But FastAPI also supports using <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">`dataclasses`</a> the same way:

{* ../../docs_src/dataclasses_/tutorial001_py310.py hl[1,6:11,18:19] *}

Every time you "log in with" Facebook, Google, GitHub, Microsoft, X (Twitter), that application is using OAuth2 with scopes.

In this section you will see how to manage authentication and authorization with the same OAuth2 with scopes in your **FastAPI** application.

/// warning

 */
@Deprecated(since = "4.0.0")
public class ObjectBasedValueSource extends AbstractValueSource {

    private final Object root;

    /**
     * Construct a new value source, using the supplied object as the root from
     * which to start, and using expressions split at the dot ('.') to navigate
     * the object graph beneath this root.
     * @param root the root of the graph.
     */
    public ObjectBasedValueSource(Object root) {

  public static Test suite() {
    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();

    suite.addTest(transformSuite());
    suite.addTest(filterSuite());

    suite.addTest(
        ListMultimapTestSuiteBuilder.using(
                new TestStringListMultimapGenerator() {
                  @Override
                  protected ListMultimap<String, String> create(Entry<String, String>[] entries) {

@AndroidIncompatible // test-suite builders
public class MapsCollectionTest extends TestCase {
  public static Test suite() {
    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();

    suite.addTest(
        NavigableMapTestSuiteBuilder.using(
                new TestStringSortedMapGenerator() {
                  @Override
                  protected SortedMap<String, String> create(Entry<String, String>[] entries) {

You can also connect using any S3-compatible tool, such as the MinIO Client `mc` commandline tool:

```sh
mc alias set local http://localhost:9000 minioadmin minioadmin
mc admin info local
```

See [Test using MinIO Client `mc`](#test-using-minio-client-mc) for more information on using the `mc` commandline tool.