The `lifespan` parameter of the `FastAPI` app takes an **async context manager**, so we can pass our new `lifespan` async context manager to it.

{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py hl[22] *}

## Alternative Events (deprecated) { #alternative-events-deprecated }

/// warning

In the case of our dependency `get_settings()`, the function doesn't even take any arguments, so it always returns the same value.

That way, it behaves almost as if it was just a global variable. But as it uses a dependency function, then we can override it easily for testing.

///

## Run it { #run-it }

After that, you just need to install `pytest`.

Make sure you create a [virtual environment](../virtual-environments.md){.internal-link target=_blank}, activate it, and then install it, for example:

<div class="termy">

```console
$ pip install pytest

---> 100%
```

</div>

 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

(This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL.  It also counts
 as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence
 the version number 2.1.)

                            Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public

  /**
   * This is mutable and order matters. By default, it contains [IPv4, IPv6]. Tests may manipulate
   * it to prefer IPv6.
   */
  private var dnsResults = listOf<InetAddress>()

  @BeforeEach
  internal fun setUp() {
    val inetAddresses = InetAddress.getAllByName("localhost")
    localhostIpv4 = inetAddresses.firstOrNull { it is Inet4Address }
      ?: throw TestAbortedException()

It has the same fields as `HeroBase`, so it won't include `secret_name`.

Finally, the identity of our heroes is protected! 🥷

It also re-declares `id: int`. By doing this, we are making a **contract** with the API clients, so that they can always expect the `id` to be there and to be an `int` (it will never be `None`).

/// tip

Next, the browser would verify that the response is valid and encrypted with the right cryptographic key, etc. It would then **decrypt the response** and process it.

<img src="/img/deployment/https/https07.drawio.svg">

If you need to enforce it, use `OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict` instead of `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm`.

///

* An optional `client_id` (we don't need it for our example).
* An optional `client_secret` (we don't need it for our example).

/// info

        final LineIterator it = new LineIterator(reader);
        assertThat(it.hasNext(), is(true));
        assertThat(it.next(), is("aaa"));
        assertThat(it.hasNext(), is(true));
        assertThat(it.next(), is("bbb"));
        assertThat(it.hasNext(), is(true));
        assertThat(it.next(), is("ccc"));
        assertThat(it.hasNext(), is(not(true)));
    }

    /**

When using **Pydantic v2**, the generated OpenAPI is a bit more exact and **correct** than before. 😎

In fact, in some cases, it will even have **two JSON Schemas** in OpenAPI for the same Pydantic model, for input and output, depending on if they have **default values**.

Let's see how that works and how to change it if you need to do that.

## Pydantic Models for Input and Output { #pydantic-models-for-input-and-output }