@Test
    @DisplayName("Should encode and decode 16-bit integers")
    void testInt16Operations() {
        // Given
        short value = 0x1234;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[2];

        // When - encode little endian
        Encdec.enc_uint16le(value, buffer, 0);
        short decoded = (short) Encdec.dec_uint16le(buffer, 0);

        // Then
        assertEquals(value, decoded);

     * @param len the length of data to decode
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs during decoding
     */
    public SecurityDescriptor(final byte[] buffer, final int bufferIndex, final int len) throws IOException {
        this.decode(buffer, bufferIndex, len);
    }

    /**
     * Decodes a security descriptor from a byte buffer.
     *

            // When/Then: Should throw NdrException
            assertThrows(NdrException.class, () -> policyHandle.encode(mockNdrBuffer));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should decode policy handle correctly")
        void testPolicyHandleDecode() throws NdrException {
            // Given: A policy handle to decode into
            rpc.policy_handle policyHandle = new rpc.policy_handle();

        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should decode buffer correctly")
        void testDecode() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
            byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
            when(mockFileSystemInfo.decode(any(byte[].class), anyInt(), anyInt())).thenReturn(24);

            int result = mockFileSystemInfo.decode(buffer, 0, 100);

            assertEquals(24, result);

        @Override
        public void encode(NdrBuffer _dst) throws NdrException {
            _dst.align(4);
            _dst.enc_ndr_referent(this.sid, 1);

            if (this.sid != null) {
                _dst = _dst.deferred;
                this.sid.encode(_dst);

            }
        }

        @Override
        public void decode(NdrBuffer _src) throws NdrException {

        byte[] dst = new byte[20];
        int writtenSize = range.encode(dst, 0);
        assertEquals(10, writtenSize, "Range size when not large should be 10");
        // create a new empty range and decode
        LockingAndXRange decoded = new LockingAndXRange(false);
        int decodedSize = decoded.decode(dst, 0, dst.length);
        assertEquals(10, decodedSize, "Decode should return size 10");
        assertEquals(99, decoded.getPid());

    }

    /**
     * Test case for the decode method.
     * Verifies that the decode method of a concrete implementation is called
     * and interacts with the NdrBuffer as expected.
     * @throws NdrException if decoding fails.
     */
    @Test
    void testDecode() throws NdrException {
        // When
        ndrObject.decode(mockBuffer);

        // Then

        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Decode Tests")
    class DecodeTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should decode valid copy chunk response")
        void testDecodeValidResponse() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
            byte[] buffer = createValidCopyChunkResponse(5, 65536, 327680);

            int bytesDecoded = response.decode(buffer, 0, buffer.length);

    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test decode with owner SID only")
    void testDecodeWithOwnerSidOnly() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
        // Prepare buffer with owner SID only
        prepareMinimalSecurityDescriptorBuffer(testBuffer, 0, true, false, false);

        int size = securityDescriptor.decode(testBuffer, 0, testBuffer.length);

        // decode returns 0 when no DACL is present (falls through)

    }

    /**
     * Decodes a security descriptor from a byte buffer.
     *
     * @param buffer the byte buffer containing the security descriptor data
     * @param bufferIndex the starting offset in the buffer
     * @param len the length of data to decode
     * @return the number of bytes decoded
     * @throws SMBProtocolDecodingException if the data cannot be properly decoded
     */
    @Override