/// info | 信息

方括号中的这些内部类型称为“类型参数”（type parameters）。

在这个例子中，`str` 是传给 `list` 的类型参数。

///

这表示：“变量 `items` 是一个 `list`，并且列表中的每一个元素都是 `str`”。

这样，即使是在处理列表中的元素时，编辑器也能给你提供支持：

<img src="/img/python-types/image05.png">

没有类型的话，这几乎是不可能做到的。

注意，变量 `item` 是列表 `items` 中的一个元素。

即便如此，编辑器仍然知道它是 `str`，并为此提供支持。

#### 元组和集合 { #tuple-and-set }

声明 `tuple` 和 `set` 的方式类似：

def get_username():
    try:
        yield "Rick"
    except OwnerError as e:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Owner error: {e}")


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def get_item(item_id: str, username: str = Depends(get_username)):
    if item_id not in data:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    item = data[item_id]
    if item["owner"] != username:
        raise OwnerError(username)

     * Parses a DCERPC binding string into a DcerpcBinding object
     * @param str the binding string to parse
     * @return the parsed DcerpcBinding object
     * @throws DcerpcException if the binding string is malformed
     */
    protected static DcerpcBinding parseBinding(final String str) throws DcerpcException {
        int state, mark, si;
        final char[] arr = str.toCharArray();
        String proto = null, key = null;

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Image(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl
    name: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()
    image: Image | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

func (p *Parser) positiveAtoi(str string) int64 {
	value, err := strconv.ParseInt(str, 0, 64)
	if err != nil {
		p.errorf("%s", err)
	}
	if value < 0 {
		p.errorf("%s overflows int64", str)
	}
	return value
}

func (p *Parser) atoi(str string) uint64 {
	value, err := strconv.ParseUint(str, 0, 64)
	if err != nil {
		p.errorf("%s", err)
	}

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    full_name: str | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item, user: User, importance: int = Body()):

    * Em requisições e respostas será representado como uma `str`.
* `datetime.datetime`:
    * O `datetime.datetime` do Python.
    * Em requisições e respostas será representado como uma `str` no formato ISO 8601, exemplo: `2008-09-15T15:53:00+05:00`.
* `datetime.date`:
    * O `datetime.date` do Python.
    * Em requisições e respostas será representado como uma `str` no formato ISO 8601, exemplo: `2008-09-15`.
* `datetime.time`:

		{"s.authorInfo.yearRange[0]", []any{1890.0, 1920.0, 1881.0}},
		{"s.publicationHistory[0].pages", []any{256.0, 336.0, Missing{}}},
	}
	for i, tc := range cases {
		t.Run(tc.str, func(t *testing.T) {
			jp := JSONPath{}
			err := p.ParseString(tc.str, &jp)
			// fmt.Println(jp)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatalf("parse failed!: %d %v %s", i, err, tc)
			}

			// Read only the first json object from the file

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class InternalItem(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    secret_key: str


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None


@app.get("/items/me", response_model=Item)
async def get_item() -> Any:
    item = InternalItem(

from inline_snapshot import snapshot
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float | None = None


@app.api_route("/items/{item_id}", methods=["GET"])
def get_items(item_id: str):
    return {"item_id": item_id}


def get_not_decorated(item_id: str):
    return {"item_id": item_id}


app.add_api_route("/items-not-decorated/{item_id}", get_not_decorated)