checkFromStringCase("[]:", 1, null, 99, false);
    checkFromStringCase("[]:80", 1, null, 99, false);
    checkFromStringCase("[]bad", 1, null, 99, false);
  }

  public void testFromStringParseableNonsense() {
    // Examples of nonsense that gets through.
    checkFromStringCase("[[:]]", 86, "[:]", 86, false);
    checkFromStringCase("x:y:z", 87, "x:y:z", 87, false);
    checkFromStringCase("", 88, "", 88, false);

```Python
from unicorn import UnicornMiddleware

app = SomeASGIApp()

new_app = UnicornMiddleware(app, some_config="rainbow")
```

Mas, o FastAPI (na verdade, o Starlette) fornece uma maneira mais simples de fazer isso que garante que os middlewares internos lidem com erros do servidor e que os manipuladores de exceções personalizados funcionem corretamente.

Para isso, você usa `app.add_middleware()` (como no exemplo para CORS).

        // Test successful reading of 6 bytes from the input stream.
        // The content of these bytes is not critical for this test, only that 6 bytes are read.
        byte[] data = { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06 }; // Sample 6 bytes
        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
        SessionRetargetResponsePacket packet = new SessionRetargetResponsePacket();

        // Create a buffer large enough to hold the read bytes

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Package up sample data for common collections benchmarking.
 *
 * @author Nicholaus Shupe
 */
@NullUnmarked
class CollectionBenchmarkSampleData {
  private final boolean isUserTypeFast;
  private final SpecialRandom random;

  if (project.name != "okhttp") {
    apply(plugin = "biz.aQute.bnd.builder")
    if (project.name != "okhttp-testing-support") {
      apply(plugin = "io.github.usefulness.maven-sympathy")
    }
  }

  // Skip samples parent
  if (project.buildFile.exists() && project.name != "okhttp") {
    apply(plugin = "com.android.lint")

    dependencies {
      "lintChecks"(rootProject.libs.androidx.lint.gradle)
    }
  }

Each "scope" is just a string (without spaces).

They are normally used to declare specific security permissions, for example:

* `users:read` or `users:write` are common examples.
* `instagram_basic` is used by Facebook / Instagram.
* `https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive` is used by Google.

/// info

In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.

      builder.addHeader("", "Value")
    }
  }

  @Test
  fun headerAllowsTabOnlyInValues() {
    val builder = Request.Builder()
    builder.header("key", "sample\tvalue")
    assertFailsWith<IllegalArgumentException> {
      builder.header("sample\tkey", "value")
    }
  }

  @Test
  fun headerForbidsControlCharacters() {
    assertForbiddenHeader("\u0000")
    assertForbiddenHeader("\r")

}

// Test for authentication
func testBucketLifecycleHandlersWrongCredentials(obj ObjectLayer, instanceType, bucketName string, apiRouter http.Handler,
	credentials auth.Credentials, t *testing.T,
) {
	// test cases with sample input and expected output.
	testCases := []struct {
		method     string
		bucketName string
		accessKey  string
		secretKey  string
		// Sent body
		body []byte
		// Expected response
		expectedRespStatus int

Pero aun así, es muy potente y te permite declarar "grafos" de dependencia anidados arbitrariamente profundos (árboles).

/// tip | Consejo

Todo esto podría no parecer tan útil con estos ejemplos simples.

Pero verás lo útil que es en los capítulos sobre **seguridad**.

Y también verás la cantidad de código que te ahorrará.

## Integrated middlewares { #integrated-middlewares }

**FastAPI** includes several middlewares for common use cases, we'll see next how to use them.

/// note | Technical Details

For the next examples, you could also use `from starlette.middleware.something import SomethingMiddleware`.