from contextlib import AsyncExitStack

from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send


# Used mainly to close files after the request is done, dependencies are closed
# in their own AsyncExitStack
class AsyncExitStackMiddleware:
    def __init__(
        self, app: ASGIApp, context_name: str = "fastapi_middleware_astack"
    ) -> None:
        self.app = app
        self.context_name = context_name

이러한 경우, 데이터를 응답에 전달하기 전에 `jsonable_encoder`를 사용하여 변환할 수 있습니다:

{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py hl[6:7,21:22] *}

/// note | 기술적 세부 사항

`from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`를 사용할 수도 있습니다.

**FastAPI**는 개발자의 편의를 위해 `starlette.responses`를 `fastapi.responses`로 제공합니다. 그러나 대부분의 가능한 응답은 Starlette에서 직접 제공합니다.

///

## 사용자 정의 `Response` 반환하기

url: 'https://fastapi.tiangolo.com'
abstract: >-
  FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code,
  ready for production
keywords:
  - fastapi
  - pydantic
  - starlette

# Status Codes

You can import the `status` module from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import status
```

`status` is provided directly by Starlette.

It contains a group of named constants (variables) with integer status codes.

For example:

* 200: `status.HTTP_200_OK`
* 403: `status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN`
* etc.

from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
    http_exception_handler,
    request_validation_exception_handler,
)
from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException

app = FastAPI()


@app.exception_handler(StarletteHTTPException)
async def custom_http_exception_handler(request, exc):
    print(f"OMG! An HTTP error!: {repr(exc)}")

from typing import Annotated, Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI, File, Form
from starlette.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/urlencoded")
async def post_url_encoded(age: Annotated[Optional[int], Form()] = None):
    return age


@app.post("/multipart")
async def post_multi_part(
    age: Annotated[Optional[int], Form()] = None,
    file: Annotated[Optional[bytes], File()] = None,
):

```Python
contents = myfile.file.read()
```

/// note |  "`async` 기술적 세부사항"

`async` 메소드들을 사용할 때 **FastAPI**는 스레드풀에서 파일 메소드들을 실행하고 그들을 기다립니다.

///

/// note | Starlette 기술적 세부사항

**FastAPI**의 `UploadFile` 은 **Starlette**의 `UploadFile` 을 직접적으로 상속받지만, **Pydantic** 및 FastAPI의 다른 부분들과의 호환성을 위해 필요한 부분들이 추가되었습니다.

///

## "폼 데이터"란

from typing import Annotated, Optional, Union

from annotated_doc import Doc
from fastapi.openapi.models import APIKey, APIKeyIn
from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
from starlette.requests import Request
from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED


class APIKeyBase(SecurityBase):
    def __init__(
        self,
        location: APIKeyIn,
        name: str,

/// note | Технічні деталі

Також можна використовувати `from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware`.

**FastAPI** надає кілька middleware у `fastapi.middleware` для зручності розробників. Але більшість доступних middleware походять безпосередньо зі Starlette.

/// info | Información

Puedes leer más sobre los manejadores `lifespan` de Starlette en <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/lifespan/" class="external-link" target="_blank">la documentación de `Lifespan` de Starlette</a>.

Incluyendo cómo manejar el estado de lifespan que puede ser usado en otras áreas de tu código.

///

## Sub Aplicaciones { #sub-applications }