Achar jeitos de conseguir melhor performance.

Juntamente com Hug (como Hug é baseado no Falcon) inspirou **FastAPI** para declarar um parâmetro de `resposta` nas funções.

Embora no FastAPI seja opcional, é utilizado principalmente para configurar cabeçalhos, cookies e códigos de status alternativos.

///

### <a href="https://moltenframework.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Molten</a>

 */
@DoNotMock("Use Optional.of(value) or Optional.absent()")
@GwtCompatible(serializable = true)
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public abstract class Optional<T> implements Serializable {
  /**
   * Returns an {@code Optional} instance with no contained reference.
   *
   * <p><b>Comparison to {@code java.util.Optional}:</b> this method is equivalent to Java 8's
   * {@code Optional.empty}.
   */
  public static <T> Optional<T> absent() {

    List<Optional<Object>> optionals = ImmutableList.of(Optional.absent(), Optional.absent());
    assertThat(Optional.presentInstances(optionals)).isEmpty();
  }

  public void testPresentInstances_somePresent() {
    List<Optional<String>> optionals =
        ImmutableList.of(Optional.of("a"), Optional.<String>absent(), Optional.of("c"));

from pydantic import BaseModel
from typing import Optional

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: bool = Optional[None]


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Optional[str] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}

http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?skip=20
```

gehen, werden die Parameter-Werte Ihrer Funktion sein:

* `skip=20`: da Sie das in der URL gesetzt haben
* `limit=10`: weil das der Defaultwert ist

## Optionale Parameter

Auf die gleiche Weise können Sie optionale Query-Parameter deklarieren, indem Sie deren Defaultwert auf `None` setzen:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="7"
{!> ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```

```

////

#### `Union` oder `Optional` verwenden?

Wenn Sie eine Python-Version unterhalb 3.10 verwenden, hier ist mein sehr **subjektiver** Standpunkt dazu:

* 🚨 Vermeiden Sie `Optional[SomeType]`
* Stattdessen ✨ **verwenden Sie `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

   * Predicates.notNull())}, static importing as necessary.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> if {@code first} is represented as an {@link Optional}, this can be
   * accomplished with {@link Optional#or(Object) first.or(second)}. That approach also allows for
   * lazy evaluation of the fallback instance, using {@link Optional#or(Supplier)
   * first.or(supplier)}.
   *
   * <p><b>Java 9 users:</b> use {@code java.util.Objects.requireNonNullElse(first, second)}

  // +optional
  optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.Time lastTransitionTime = 3;

  // The reason for the condition's last transition.
  // +optional
  optional string reason = 4;

  // A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
  // +optional
  optional string message = 5;
}

// DaemonSetList is a collection of daemon sets.
message DaemonSetList {

  // +optional
  optional string version = 4;

  // Resource is one of the existing resource types.  "*" means all.
  // +optional
  optional string resource = 5;

  // Subresource is one of the existing resource types.  "" means none.
  // +optional
  optional string subresource = 6;

  // Name is the name of the resource being requested for a "get" or deleted for a "delete". "" (empty) means all.
  // +optional

  // +optional
  optional k8s.io.apimachinery.pkg.apis.meta.v1.Time lastTransitionTime = 3;

  // The reason for the condition's last transition.
  // +optional
  optional string reason = 4;

  // A human readable message indicating details about the transition.
  // +optional
  optional string message = 5;
}

// DaemonSetList is a collection of daemon sets.
message DaemonSetList {
  // Standard list metadata.