throwIfUnchecked(throwable);
    throw new RuntimeException(throwable);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the innermost cause of {@code throwable}. The first throwable in a chain provides
   * context from when the error or exception was initially detected. Example usage:
   *
   * <pre>
   * assertEquals("Unable to assign a customer id", Throwables.getRootCause(e).getMessage());
   * </pre>
   *

import java.util.stream.Collector;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@link Map} whose contents will never change, with many other important properties detailed at
 * {@link ImmutableCollection}.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a href=

direct YAML support in the API available today), the Content-Type and Accept
headers are now properly handled as per the HTTP spec.  As a consequence, if
you had a client that was sending an invalid Content-Type or Accept header to
the API, in 1.2 you will either receive a 415 or 406 error.
The only client
this is known to affect is curl when you use -d with JSON but don't set a

```

/// tip

Pydantic 是 FastAPI 中所有数据验证和序列化的核心，当你在没有设默认值的情况下使用 `Optional` 或 `Union[Something, None]` 时，它具有特殊行为，你可以在 Pydantic 文档中阅读有关<a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/models/#required-optional-fields" class="external-link" target="_blank">必需可选字段</a>的更多信息。

///

### 使用Pydantic中的`Required`代替省略号(`...`)

如果你觉得使用 `...` 不舒服，你也可以从 Pydantic 导入并使用 `Required`：

  // Match the behavior of Double.equals()
  private static boolean areEqual(double a, double b) {
    return Double.doubleToLongBits(a) == Double.doubleToLongBits(b);
  }

  /** Returns an unspecified hash code for the contents of this immutable array. */
  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    int hash = 1;
    for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
      hash *= 31;
      hash += Doubles.hashCode(array[i]);
    }

import java.util.stream.Collector;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * A {@link SetMultimap} whose contents will never change, with many other important properties
 * detailed at {@link ImmutableCollection}.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> As in all {@link SetMultimap}s, do not modify either a key <i>or a value</i>

   * {@code elementSet().size()}.
   *
   * @return a view of the set of distinct elements in this multiset
   */
  Set<E> elementSet();

  /**
   * Returns a view of the contents of this multiset, grouped into {@code Multiset.Entry} instances,
   * each providing an element of the multiset and the count of that element. This set contains

Настройте Uvicorn на использование `main` вместо `app.main` для импорта объекта `app`.

## Концепции развёртывания

Давайте вспомним о [Концепциях развёртывания](concepts.md){.internal-link target=_blank} и применим их к контейнерам.

}

/**
 * If this is an IP address, this returns the IP address in canonical form.
 *
 * Otherwise, this performs IDN ToASCII encoding and canonicalize the result to lowercase. For
 * example this converts `☃.net` to `xn--n3h.net`, and `WwW.GoOgLe.cOm` to `www.google.com`.
 * `null` will be returned if the host cannot be ToASCII encoded or if the result contains
 * unsupported ASCII characters.
 */

* 对被嵌入的模型也适用的编辑器支持（自动补全等）
* 数据转换
* 数据校验
* 自动生成文档

## 特殊的类型和校验

除了普通的单一值类型（如 `str`、`int`、`float` 等）外，你还可以使用从 `str` 继承的更复杂的单一值类型。

要了解所有的可用选项，请查看关于 <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">来自 Pydantic 的外部类型</a> 的文档。你将在下一章节中看到一些示例。

例如，在 `Image` 模型中我们有一个 `url` 字段，我们可以把它声明为 Pydantic 的 `HttpUrl`，而不是 `str`：

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="2  8"