.testForwarding(Equals.class, NoDelegateToEquals.WRAPPER);
    } catch (AssertionFailedError expected) {
      return;
    }
    fail("Should have failed");
  }

  /** An interface for the 2 ways that a chaining call might be defined. */
  private interface ChainingCalls {
    // A method that is defined to 'return this'
    @CanIgnoreReturnValue
    ChainingCalls chainingCall();

And it can also be used by yourself, to debug, check and test the same application.

## The `password` flow { #the-password-flow }

Now let's go back a bit and understand what is all that.

The `password` "flow" is one of the ways ("flows") defined in OAuth2, to handle security and authentication.

OAuth2 was designed so that the backend or API could be independent of the server that authenticates the user.

	// Run tests
	for _, tt := range testCases {
		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
			if tt.expired {
				// Expired already.
				pp.SetExpires(UTCNow().AddDate(0, 0, -10))
			} else {
				// Expires in 10 days.
				pp.SetExpires(UTCNow().AddDate(0, 0, 10))
			}

			tt.fv.Set("Policy", base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(pp.String())))

    // with MD5 or 512-bit RSA; that's insecure!
    //
    // openssl req \
    //   -x509 \
    //   -md5 \
    //   -nodes \
    //   -days 1 \
    //   -newkey rsa:512 \
    //   -keyout privateKey.key \
    //   -out certificate.crt
    val certificatePem =
      """
      |-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

 * determine addressability of any host, clients of this class will need to perform their own DNS
 * lookups.
 *
 * <p>During construction, names are normalized in two ways:
 *
 * <ol>
 *   <li>ASCII uppercase characters are converted to lowercase.
 *   <li>Unicode dot separators other than the ASCII period ({@code '.'}) are converted to the ASCII
 *       period.
 * </ol>
 *

 * <p>The {@link #get}, {@link #removeAll}, and {@link #replaceValues} methods each return a {@link
 * SortedSet} of values, while {@link Multimap#entries()} returns a {@link Set} of map entries.
 * Though the method signature doesn't say so explicitly, the map returned by {@link #asMap} has
 * {@code SortedSet} values.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> As in all {@link SetMultimap}s, do not modify either a key <i>or a value</i>

Let's see how that works and how to change it if you need to do that.

## Pydantic Models for Input and Output { #pydantic-models-for-input-and-output }

Let's say you have a Pydantic model with default values, like this one:

{* ../../docs_src/separate_openapi_schemas/tutorial001_py310.py ln[1:7] hl[7] *}

### Model for Input { #model-for-input }

> (upstream here points to ******@****.***:minio/minio.git)

```
λ git branch -m RELEASE.2021-04-22T15-44-28Z.hotfix
λ git push -u upstream RELEASE.2021-04-22T15-44-28Z.hotfix
```

Pick the relevant commit-id say for example commit-id from the master branch

```
commit 4f3317effea38c203c358af9cb5ce3c0e4173976
Author: Klaus Post <******@****.***>
Date:   Mon Nov 8 08:41:27 2021 -0800

    Close stream on panic (#13605)

			}
		}
	}

	return result, nil
}

func getFormatJSON(path string) (format, error) {
	formatJSON, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(path, ".minio.sys/format.json"))
	if err != nil {
		return format{}, err
	}
	var f format
	err = json.Unmarshal(formatJSON, &f)
	if err != nil {
		return format{}, err
	}

	return f, nil
}

    * As connecting to an email server and sending an email tends to be "slow" (several seconds), you can return the response right away and send the email notification in the background.
* Processing data:
    * For example, let's say you receive a file that must go through a slow process, you can return a response of "Accepted" (HTTP 202) and process the file in the background.

## Using `BackgroundTasks` { #using-backgroundtasks }