* Змінна `items_s` це `set`, і кожен його елемент типу `bytes`.

#### Dict (словник)

Щоб оголосити `dict`, вам потрібно передати 2 параметри типу, розділені комами.

Перший параметр типу для ключа у `dict`.

Другий параметр типу для значення у `dict`:

//// tab | Python 3.8 і вище

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008.py!}
```

from typing import Dict, List, Optional

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from starlette.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str = Field(alias="aliased_name")
    price: Optional[float] = None
    owner_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None


@app.get("/items/valid", response_model=Item)
def get_valid():
    return Item(aliased_name="valid", price=1.0)

from typing import Dict

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Items(BaseModel):
    items: Dict[str, int]


@app.post("/foo")
def foo(items: Items):
    return items.items


client = TestClient(app)


def test_additional_properties_post():
    response = client.post("/foo", json={"items": {"foo": 1, "bar": 2}})

from typing import Dict


def process_items(prices: Dict[str, float]):
    for item_name, item_price in prices.items():
        print(item_name)

* A variável `items_s` é um `set`, e cada um de seus itens é do tipo `bytes`.

#### Dict

Para definir um `dict`, você passa 2 parâmetros de tipo, separados por vírgulas.

O primeiro parâmetro de tipo é para as chaves do `dict`.

O segundo parâmetro de tipo é para os valores do `dict`:

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial008_py39.py!}

from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union

from fastapi import params
from fastapi._compat import Undefined
from fastapi.openapi.models import Example
from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, deprecated

_Unset: Any = Undefined


def Path(  # noqa: N802
    default: Annotated[
        Any,
        Doc(
            """
            Default value if the parameter field is not set.

///

### Использование параметра `exclude_unset` в Pydantic

Если необходимо выполнить частичное обновление, то очень полезно использовать параметр `exclude_unset` в методе `.dict()` модели Pydantic.

Например, `item.dict(exclude_unset=True)`.

/// info | Informação

No Pydantic v1, o método que era chamado `.dict()` e foi depreciado (mas ainda suportado) no Pydantic v2. Agora, deve-se usar o método `.model_dump()`.

Os exemplos aqui usam `.dict()` para compatibilidade com o Pydantic v1, mas você deve usar `.model_dump()` a partir do Pydantic v2.

///

Isso gera um `dict` com apenas os dados definidos ao criar o modelo `item`, excluindo os valores padrão.

/// info

In Pydantic v1 the method was called `.dict()`, it was deprecated (but still supported) in Pydantic v2, and renamed to `.model_dump()`.

The examples here use `.dict()` for compatibility with Pydantic v1, but you should use `.model_dump()` instead if you can use Pydantic v2.

///

That would generate a `dict` with only the data that was set when creating the `item` model, excluding default values.

    tiers: DefaultDict[float, Dict[str, SponsorEntity]] = defaultdict(dict)
    for node in nodes:
        tiers[node.tier.monthlyPriceInDollars][node.sponsorEntity.login] = (
            node.sponsorEntity
        )
    return tiers


def get_top_users(
    *,
    counter: Counter,
    authors: Dict[str, Author],
    skip_users: Container[str],
    min_count: int = 2,