```Python hl_lines="18  22"
{!../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// note | "Hinweis"

Beachten Sie, dass Sie die `JSONResponse` direkt zurückgeben müssen.

///

/// info

Der `model`-Schlüssel ist nicht Teil von OpenAPI.

{* ../../docs_src/additional_responses/tutorial001.py hl[18,22] *}

/// note

Keep in mind that you have to return the `JSONResponse` directly.

///

/// info

The `model` key is not part of OpenAPI.

**FastAPI** will take the Pydantic model from there, generate the JSON Schema, and put it in the correct place.

The correct place is:

<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Waiting for application startup.
<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Application startup complete.
```

</div>

/// note | "Технические детали"

Команда `uvicorn main:app` обращается к:

* `main`: файл `main.py` (модуль Python).
* `app`: объект, созданный внутри файла `main.py` в строке `app = FastAPI()`.

{
    "name": "Barz",
    "price": 3,
    "description": None,
}
```

因为上述数据未包含已存储的属性 `"tax": 20.2`，新的输入模型会把 `"tax": 10.5` 作为默认值。

因此，本次操作把 `tax` 的值「更新」为 `10.5`。

## 用 `PATCH` 进行部分更新

<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods/PATCH" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTP `PATCH`</a> 操作用于更新 *部分* 数据。

即，只发送要更新的数据，其余数据保持不变。

/// note | "笔记"

`PATCH` 没有 `PUT` 知名，也怎么不常用。

### Understanding JWT Claims

> NOTE: JWT claims are only meant for WebIdentity and ClientGrants.
> AssumeRole or LDAP users can skip the entire portion and directly visit one of the links below.
>

 * href="http://www.xom.nu/">XOM</a> or <a href="http://www.jdom.org/">JDOM</a>.
 *
 * <p><b>Note:</b> Currently the escapers provided by this class do not escape any characters
 * outside the ASCII character range. Unlike HTML escaping the XML escapers will not escape
 * non-ASCII characters to their numeric entity replacements. These XML escapers provide the minimal

#### Install From Source

If a binary distribution is not available for your combination of
operating system and architecture, visit
https://go.dev/doc/install/source
for source installation instructions.

### Contributing

Go is the work of thousands of contributors. We appreciate your help!

To contribute, please read the contribution guidelines at https://go.dev/doc/contribute.

# 测试 WebSockets

测试 WebSockets 也使用 `TestClient`。

为此，要在 `with` 语句中使用 `TestClient` 连接 WebSocket。

```Python hl_lines="27-31"
{!../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002.py!}
```

/// note | "笔记"

更多细节详见 <a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/#testing-websocket-sessions" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette 官档 - 测试 WebSockets</a>。

    } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
      assertWithMessage(value + " not found in exception text: " + ex.getMessage())
          .that(ex.getMessage().contains(String.valueOf(value)))
          .isTrue();
    }
  }

  public void testCompare() {
    // This is the only ordering for primitives that does not have a
    // corresponding Comparable wrapper in java.lang.
    for (int i = 0; i < VALUES.length; i++) {

   *
   * <p>Note that {@code function} must be consistent according to {@code this} equivalence
   * relation. That is, invoking {@link Function#apply} multiple times for a given value must return
   * equivalent results. For example, {@code
   * Equivalence.identity().onResultOf(Functions.toStringFunction())} is broken because it's not