The `str | None` (Python 3.10+) or `Union` in `Union[str, None]` (Python 3.8+) is not used by FastAPI to determine that the value is not required, it will know it's not required because it has a default value of `= None`.

But adding the type annotations will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.

///

## Without Pydantic

    // TODO(kevinb): pad?
    this.queue = new Object[queueSize];
  }

  @Override
  public int size() {
    return size;
  }

  /**
   * Adds the given element to this queue. If this queue has a maximum size, after adding {@code
   * element} the queue will automatically evict its greatest element (according to its comparator),
   * which may be {@code element} itself.
   *

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Verify if the authToken already contains
	// <Key> <Token> like format, if this is
	// already present we can blindly use the
	// authToken as is instead of adding 'Bearer'
	tokens := strings.Fields(target.args.AuthToken)
	switch len(tokens) {
	case 2:
		req.Header.Set("Authorization", target.args.AuthToken)
	case 1:

    }

    /**
     * Adds a name/value pair to the formatted output in {@code name=value} format.
     *
     * @since 18.0 (since 11.0 as {@code Objects.ToStringHelper.add()}).
     */
    @CanIgnoreReturnValue
    public ToStringHelper add(String name, boolean value) {
      return addUnconditionalHolder(name, String.valueOf(value));
    }

    /**

That is not the same as declaring default values like would be with:

```Python
    first_name="john", last_name="doe"
```

It's a different thing.

We are using colons (`:`), not equals (`=`).

And adding type hints normally doesn't change what happens from what would happen without them.

But now, imagine you are again in the middle of creating that function, but with type hints.

## The normal **FastAPI** app

Let's first see how the normal API app would look like before adding the callback.

It will have a *path operation* that will receive an `Invoice` body, and a query parameter `callback_url` that will contain the URL for the callback.

			//   expectation  =  "100-continue" | expectation-extension
			//
			// So it safe to assume that '100-continue' is what would
			// be sent, for the time being keep this work around.
			// Adding a *TODO* to remove this later when Golang server
			// doesn't filter out the 'Expect' header.
			extractedSignedHeaders.Set(header, "100-continue")
		case "host":
			// Go http server removes "host" from Request.Header

* how many of our REST services do not map directory to a method in the application interface?

- an example of adding js

    putEdge(1, 2); // Duplicate
    putEdge(4, 5);
  }

  // Element Mutation

  @Test
  public void putEdge_existingNodes() {
    assume().that(graphIsMutable()).isTrue();

    // Adding nodes initially for safety (insulating from possible future
    // modifications to proxy methods)
    addNode(N1);
    addNode(N2);

    assertThat(graphAsMutableGraph.putEdge(N1, N2)).isTrue();
  }

STS_ACCESS_KEY=$(echo ${STS_CRED} | cut -d ':' -f 1)

# Create service account for STS user
./mc admin user svcacct add minio2 $STS_ACCESS_KEY --access-key testsvc --secret-key testsvc123
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
	echo "adding svc account failed, exiting.."
	exit_1
fi

sleep 10

./mc admin user svcacct info minio1 testsvc
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
	echo "svc account not mirrored, exiting.."
	exit_1
fi