// Then
        assertEquals(intermediateCause, finalException.getCause());
        assertEquals(rootCause, finalException.getCause().getCause());
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should handle null message gracefully")
    void testNullMessage() {
        // When/Then
        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {

            // Then
            assertEquals(input, result, "Should not modify non-matching strings");
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("maskSecretValue should handle null input")
        void testMaskSecretValueWithNull() {
            // When
            String result = Strings.maskSecretValue(null);

            // Then

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