## Multiple middleware execution order { #multiple-middleware-execution-order }

When you add multiple middlewares using either `@app.middleware()` decorator or `app.add_middleware()` method, each new middleware wraps the application, forming a stack. The last middleware added is the *outermost*, and the first is the *innermost*.

On the request path, the *outermost* middleware runs first.

On the response path, it runs last.

For example:

```Python

//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// Package lock - implements filesystem locking wrappers around an
// open file descriptor.
package lock

import (
	"errors"
	"os"
	"sync"
)

// ErrAlreadyLocked is returned if the underlying fd is already locked.

import java.util.NavigableSet;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.SortedSet;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Provides static utility methods for creating and working with {@link SortedMultiset} instances.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible
final class SortedMultisets {
  private SortedMultisets() {}

import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.EnumSet;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Utility methods for working with {@link Enum} instances.
 *
 * @author Steve McKay
 * @since 9.0
 */
@GwtIncompatible
@J2ktIncompatible
public final class Enums {

  private Enums() {}

  /**

Unless the change is a trivial fix such as for a typo, it's generally best to
start by opening a new issue describing the bug or feature you're intending to
fix. Even if you think it's relatively minor, it's helpful to know what people
are working on. And as mentioned above, API changes should be discussed
thoroughly before moving to code.

Some examples of types of pull requests that are immediately helpful:

  - Fixing a bug without changing a public API.

        // and that it attempts to create an SmbFile.
        // We cannot directly mock `new SmbFile()`, so we rely on the fact that if it doesn't throw, it's working as expected.

        // This test primarily ensures that the wrapper correctly handles the MalformedURLException
        // and delegates the SmbFile creation.

import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Utilities necessary for working with libraries that supply plain {@link Future} instances. Note
 * that, whenever possible, it is strongly preferred to modify those libraries to return {@code
 * ListenableFuture} directly.
 *

    }

    /**
     * Compares two SMB files by name.
     * @param f1 first file to compare
     * @param f1name name of first file
     * @param f2 second file to compare
     * @return comparison result for sorting
     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
     */
    protected int compareNames(final SmbFile f1, final String f1name, final SmbFile f2) throws IOException {
        if (f1.isDirectory() != f2.isDirectory()) {

 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 */

package jcifs.dcerpc.msrpc;

/**
 * MSRPC implementation for looking up security identifiers (SIDs).
 * This class provides functionality to resolve SIDs to their corresponding
 * account names using the LSA RPC interface.
 */

import jcifs.Encodable;
import jcifs.internal.util.SMBUtil;

/**
 * SMB2 Lock data structure.
 *
 * This class represents a single lock element used in
 * SMB2 Lock requests for byte-range locking.
 *
 * @author mbechler
 */
public class Smb2Lock implements Encodable {

    /**
     * Flag indicating a shared lock that allows concurrent read access.
     */