# Extra Data Types { #extra-data-types }

Up to now, you have been using common data types, like:

* `int`
* `float`
* `str`
* `bool`

But you can also use more complex data types.

And you will still have the same features as seen up to now:

* Great editor support.
* Data conversion from incoming requests.
* Data conversion for response data.
* Data validation.
* Automatic annotation and documentation.

   * character set.
   *
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static CharSource asCharSource(File file, Charset charset) {
    return asByteSource(file).asCharSource(charset);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new {@link CharSink} for writing character data to the given file using the given

///

## `Field` additional arguments { #field-additional-arguments }

When using `Field()` with Pydantic models, you can also declare additional `examples`:

{* ../../docs_src/schema_extra_example/tutorial002_py310.py hl[2,8:11] *}

## `examples` in JSON Schema - OpenAPI { #examples-in-json-schema-openapi }

When using any of:

* `Path()`
* `Query()`
* `Header()`
* `Cookie()`
* `Body()`
* `Form()`

**FastAPI** provides several tools, at different levels of abstraction, to implement these security features.

In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, using a **Bearer** token. We do that using the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class.

/// info

A "bearer" token is not the only option.

But it's the best one for our use case.

To add a dependency on Guava testlib using Maven, use the following:

```xml
<dependency>
  <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
  <artifactId>guava-testlib</artifactId>
  <version>33.5.0-jre</version>
  <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
```

To add a dependency using Gradle:

```gradle
dependencies {
  test 'com.google.guava:guava-testlib:33.5.0-jre'
}

    }

    // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // from InputStream to Writer
    //
    /**
     * Copies from an input stream to a writer using the platform default encoding.
     * <p>
     * Neither the input stream nor the writer is closed.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param in the input stream (must not be {@literal null})

Make sure you create a [virtual environment](../virtual-environments.md), activate it, and install `jinja2`:

<div class="termy">

```console
$ pip install jinja2

---> 100%
```

</div>

## Using `Jinja2Templates` { #using-jinja2templates }

* Import `Jinja2Templates`.
* Create a `templates` object that you can reuse later.
* Declare a `Request` parameter in the *path operation* that will return a template.

          echo "Found curl ... using curl"
        fi
        if [ -z "$MVNW_USERNAME" ] || [ -z "$MVNW_PASSWORD" ]; then
            curl -o "$wrapperJarPath" "$jarUrl" -f
        else
            curl --user $MVNW_USERNAME:$MVNW_PASSWORD -o "$wrapperJarPath" "$jarUrl" -f
        fi

    else
        if [ "$MVNW_VERBOSE" = true ]; then
          echo "Falling back to using Java to download"
        fi

            CollectionFeature.SUPPORTS_REMOVE);

    TestSuite suite = new TestSuite();
    suite.addTestSuite(CompactHashSetTest.class);
    suite.addTest(
        SetTestSuiteBuilder.using(
                new TestStringSetGenerator() {
                  @Override
                  protected Set<String> create(String[] elements) {
                    return CompactHashSet.create(asList(elements));

import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Experimental;
import org.apache.maven.api.annotations.Nonnull;

/**
 * Defines the contract for a component responsible for invoking a Maven application
 * using the information provided in an {@link InvokerRequest}. This interface is central
 * to the construction and invocation of Maven commands and builds, and it fully parses arguments.
 *