return a ^ Long.MIN_VALUE;
  }

  /**
   * Compares the two specified {@code long} values, treating them as unsigned values between {@code
   * 0} and {@code 2^64 - 1} inclusive.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> this method is now unnecessary and should be treated as deprecated; use the
   * equivalent {@link Long#compareUnsigned(long, long)} method instead.
   *
   * @param a the first unsigned {@code long} to compare

為你的變數宣告型別後，編輯器與工具就能提供更好的支援。

這裡只是關於 Python 型別提示的快速教學／複習。它只涵蓋使用在 **FastAPI** 時所需的最低限度...其實非常少。

**FastAPI** 完全是以這些型別提示為基礎，並因此帶來許多優勢與好處。

但就算你從不使用 **FastAPI**，學一點型別提示也會有幫助。

/// note | 注意

如果你是 Python 專家，而且已經完全了解型別提示，可以直接跳到下一章。

///

## 動機 { #motivation }

先從一個簡單的例子開始：

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001_py310.py *}

執行這個程式會輸出：

```
John Doe
```

        }
    }

    @Test
    public void test_setError_withNullException() {
        // Test setError with null exception
        // Note: WebApiException constructor calls e.getMessage() on null exception, causing NullPointerException
        try {
            WebApiUtil.setError(500, (Exception) null);

        // Set buffer length for two entries
        SMBUtil.writeInt4(208, buffer, bufferIndex + 4);

        response = spy(response);
        when(response.getHeaderStart()).thenReturn(0);

        // Note: Due to bug in line 96 (commented out bufferIndex = bufferOffset),
        // the decode starts at bufferIndex=8 instead of dataOffset=80
        // So we need to write data at bufferIndex=8

                return getProperty(SPNEGO_PREAUTH_PASSWORD, "password");
            }
            if (SpnegoHttpFilter.Constants.ALLOW_BASIC.equals(name)) {
                // SECURITY NOTE: Basic authentication is enabled by default for compatibility.
                // For production, consider setting spnego.allow.basic to false.
                return getProperty(SPNEGO_ALLOW_BASIC, "true");
            }

* `@app.get()`
* `@app.post()`
* `@app.put()`
* `@app.delete()`
* etc.

{* ../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial001_py310.py hl[17,22,24:27] *}

/// note

Notice that `response_model` is a parameter of the "decorator" method (`get`, `post`, etc). Not of your *path operation function*, like all the parameters and body.

///

   * NullPointerException if the comparator does. Since our construction
   * methods ensure that null is never present in the map, it's OK for the
   * comparator to look for it wherever it wants.
   *
   * Note that we do NOT touch the comparator returned by comparator(), which
   * should be identical to the one the user passed in. We touch only the
   * "secret" comparator used by the delegate implementation.
   */

    return CollectCollectors.flatteningToImmutableListMultimap(keyFunction, valuesFunction);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the empty multimap.
   *
   * <p><b>Performance note:</b> the instance returned is a singleton.
   */
  // Casting is safe because the multimap will never hold any elements.
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public static <K, V> ImmutableListMultimap<K, V> of() {

     * @param requestedArtifact The artifact to resolve, must not be <code>null</code>.
     * @return The matching artifact from the project or <code>null</code> if not found. Note that this
     */
    private Artifact findMatchingArtifact(MavenProject project, Artifact requestedArtifact) {
        String requestedRepositoryConflictId = ArtifactIdUtils.toVersionlessId(requestedArtifact);

                // Override ResourceUtil behavior for testing
                File[] jarFiles = new File[] { jarFile };
                return super.loadDataStoreNameList();
            }
        };

        // Note: ResourceUtil.getPluginJarFiles is a static method, so we can't mock it directly
        // The test will verify the method works with the actual ResourceUtil implementation