```Python hl_lines="1  7-12  19-20"
{!../../docs_src/dataclasses/tutorial001.py!}
```

这还是借助于 **Pydantic** 及其<a href="https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/dataclasses/#use-of-stdlib-dataclasses-with-basemodel" class="external-link" target="_blank">内置的 `dataclasses`</a>。

因此，即便上述代码没有显式使用 Pydantic，FastAPI 仍会使用 Pydantic 把标准数据类转换为 Pydantic 数据类（`dataclasses`）。

并且，它仍然支持以下功能：

package callbacks

import (
	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

func RawExec(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil && !db.DryRun {
		result, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.ExecContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
		if err != nil {
			db.AddError(err)
			return
		}

		db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
	}

// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package main

import (
	"context"
	"crypto/md5"
	"flag"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7"
	"github.com/minio/minio-go/v7/pkg/credentials"
)

var (
	endpoint, accessKey, secretKey string

	// If the body is read in the handler the same request cannot be made use of.
	buf, err := io.ReadAll(anonReq.Body)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(failTestStr(anonTestStr, err.Error()))
	}

	// creating 2 read closer (to set as request body) from the body content.
	readerOne := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(buf))
	readerTwo := io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(buf))

	anonReq.Body = readerOne

	// call the HTTP handler.

package schema_test

import (
	"database/sql"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

type User struct {
	*gorm.Model
	Name      *string
	Age       *uint
	Birthday  *time.Time
	Account   *tests.Account
	Pets      []*tests.Pet
	Toys      []*tests.Toy `gorm:"polymorphic:Owner"`
	CompanyID *int
	Company   *tests.Company
	ManagerID *uint
	Manager   *User

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/tutorial-fastapi title: FastAPI Tutorial in Visual Studio Code - author: Apitally author_link: https://apitally.io link: https://blog.apitally.io/fastapi-application-monitoring-made-easy title: FastAPI application monitoring made easy - author: John Philip author_link: https://medium.com/@amjohnphilip link: https://python.plainenglish.io/building-a-restful-api-with-fastapi-secure-signup-and-login-functionality-included-45cdbcb36106 title: "Building a RESTful API with FastAPI:...

测试 WebSockets 也使用 `TestClient`。

为此，要在 `with` 语句中使用 `TestClient` 连接 WebSocket。

```Python hl_lines="27-31"
{!../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial002.py!}
```

/// note | "笔记"

更多细节详见 <a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/#testing-websocket-sessions" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette 官档 - 测试 WebSockets</a>。

package tests_test

import (
	"context"
	"database/sql"
	"database/sql/driver"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"reflect"
	"regexp"
	"strconv"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
)

func TestScannerValuer(t *testing.T) {
	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&ScannerValuerStruct{})
	if err := DB.Migrator().AutoMigrate(&ScannerValuerStruct{}); err != nil {

apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1
kind: CustomResourceDefinition
metadata:
  annotations:
    "helm.sh/resource-policy": keep
  labels:
    app: istio-pilot
    chart: istio
    heritage: Tiller
    release: istio
  name: wasmplugins.extensions.istio.io
spec:
  group: extensions.istio.io
  names:
    categories:
    - istio-io
    - extensions-istio-io
    kind: WasmPlugin
    listKind: WasmPluginList

 */

package com.google.common.cache;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

/**
 * One or more variables that together maintain an initially zero {@code long} sum. When updates