assertThat(Files.toString(asciiFile, US_ASCII)).isEqualTo(ASCII);
    assertThat(Files.toString(i18nFile, UTF_8)).isEqualTo(I18N);
    assertThat(Files.toString(i18nFile, US_ASCII)).isNotEqualTo(I18N);
  }

  public void testWriteString() throws IOException {
    File temp = createTempFile();
    Files.write(I18N, temp, UTF_16LE);
    assertThat(Files.toString(temp, UTF_16LE)).isEqualTo(I18N);
  }

        // Test toString with null name
        String[] values = { "value1" };
        RequestParameter param = new RequestParameter(null, values);

        String expected = "[null, [value1]]";
        assertEquals(expected, param.toString());
    }

    @Test
    public void test_toString_withNullValues() {
        // Test toString with null values
        String name = "testParam";

        assertEquals("test      ", sb.toString());

        // Test with exact width string
        sb = new StringBuffer();
        ace.appendCol(sb, "exact", 5);
        assertEquals("exact", sb.toString());

        // Test with longer string than width
        sb = new StringBuffer();
        ace.appendCol(sb, "longer string", 5);
        assertEquals("longer string", sb.toString());
    }

    @Test

    assertThat(HostAndPort.fromString("foo:101").toString()).isEqualTo("foo:101");
    assertThat(HostAndPort.fromString(":102").toString()).isEqualTo(":102");
    assertThat(HostAndPort.fromParts("1::2", 103).toString()).isEqualTo("[1::2]:103");
    assertThat(HostAndPort.fromString("[::1]:104").toString()).isEqualTo("[::1]:104");

    // Without ports.
    assertThat(HostAndPort.fromString("foo").toString()).isEqualTo("foo");

 * @author Jared Levy
 * @since 2.0
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Functions {
  private Functions() {}

  /**
   * A function equivalent to the method reference {@code Object::toString}. The function simply
   * invokes {@code toString} on its argument and returns the result. It throws a {@link
   * NullPointerException} on null input.
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> The returned function may not be <i>consistent with equals</i> (as

                Arguments.of(new byte[] { (byte) 0x7F, (byte) 0x80, (byte) 0xFF }, "7f80ff"));
    }

    // Verifies that toString() formats bytes as lower-case hex with zero-padding
    @ParameterizedTest(name = "toString renders hex for {0}")
    @MethodSource("hexCases")
    @DisplayName("toString() renders lower-case hex with zero-padding")
    void toString_rendersHex(byte[] input, String expected) {
        // Arrange

        Entry<?, ?> entry = parts.next();
        appendable.append(joiner.toString(entry.getKey()));
        appendable.append(keyValueSeparator);
        appendable.append(joiner.toString(entry.getValue()));
        while (parts.hasNext()) {
          appendable.append(joiner.separator);
          Entry<?, ?> e = parts.next();
          appendable.append(joiner.toString(e.getKey()));
          appendable.append(keyValueSeparator);

        // Constructor should initialize the object without throwing exceptions
        assertNotNull(querySecurityDesc);

        // Test toString contains the expected values to verify field initialization
        String str = querySecurityDesc.toString();
        assertTrue(str.contains("fid=0x" + Hexdump.toHexString(fid, 4)));
        assertTrue(str.contains("securityInformation=0x" + Hexdump.toHexString(securityInfo, 8)));

  private final String toString;

  MessageDigestHashFunction(String algorithmName, String toString) {
    this.prototype = getMessageDigest(algorithmName);
    this.bytes = prototype.getDigestLength();
    this.toString = checkNotNull(toString);
    this.supportsClone = supportsClone(prototype);
  }

  MessageDigestHashFunction(String algorithmName, int bytes, String toString) {
    this.toString = checkNotNull(toString);

  private static final CharMatcher IPV6_DELIMITER_MATCHER = CharMatcher.is(IPV6_DELIMITER);
  private static final Inet4Address LOOPBACK4 = (Inet4Address) forString("127.0.0.1");
  private static final Inet4Address ANY4 = (Inet4Address) forString("0.0.0.0");

  private InetAddresses() {}

  /**
   * Returns an {@link Inet4Address}, given a byte array representation of the IPv4 address.
   *