E as próximas seções assumem que você já leu ele, e que você conhece suas ideias principais.

## Curso TestDriven.io

Se você gostaria de fazer um curso avançado-iniciante para complementar essa seção da documentação, você pode querer conferir: <a href="https://testdriven.io/courses/tdd-fastapi/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Test-Driven Development com FastAPI e Docker</a> por **TestDriven.io**.

      assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> BigIntegerMath.binomial(n, n + 1));
    }
  }

  @J2ktIncompatible
  @GwtIncompatible // EnumSet.complementOf
  private static final class RoundToDoubleTester {
    private final BigInteger input;
    private final Map<RoundingMode, Double> expectedValues = new EnumMap<>(RoundingMode.class);

@NullUnmarked
public abstract class AbstractRangeSetTest extends TestCase {
  public static void testInvariants(RangeSet<?> rangeSet) {
    testInvariantsInternal(rangeSet);
    testInvariantsInternal(rangeSet.complement());
  }

  private static <C extends Comparable<?>> void testInvariantsInternal(RangeSet<C> rangeSet) {
    assertEquals(rangeSet.asRanges().isEmpty(), rangeSet.isEmpty());

      unnecessaryShouldThrow = true;
      return this;
    }

    void test() {
      assertThat(expectedValues.keySet())
          .containsAtLeastElementsIn(EnumSet.complementOf(EnumSet.of(UNNECESSARY)));
      for (Map.Entry<RoundingMode, Double> entry : expectedValues.entrySet()) {
        RoundingMode mode = entry.getKey();
        Double expectation = entry.getValue();

        assertNotNull(zeroAvFlags, "AvFlags object should not be null for zero bytes");
        assertEquals(0, zeroAvFlags.getFlags(), "Flags should be 0 for zero bytes");

        // Test with negative integer (two's complement)
        byte[] negativeBytes = new byte[] { (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF, (byte) 0xFF }; // Represents -1
        AvFlags negativeAvFlags = new AvFlags(negativeBytes);

   * @since 19.0
   */
  Set<Range<C>> asDescendingSetOfRanges();

  /**
   * Returns a view of the complement of this {@code RangeSet}.
   *
   * <p>The returned view supports the {@link #add} operation if this {@code RangeSet} supports
   * {@link #remove}, and vice versa.
   */
  RangeSet<C> complement();

  /**
   * Returns a view of the intersection of this {@code RangeSet} with the specified range.
   *

//
// If operating in binary mode, this assumes strict GNU binary mode; which means
// that the first byte can only be either 0x80 or 0xff. Thus, the first byte is
// equivalent to the sign bit in two's complement form.
func fitsInBase256(n int, x int64) bool {
	binBits := uint(n-1) * 8
	return n >= 9 || (x >= -1<<binBits && x < 1<<binBits)
}

// parseNumeric parses the input as being encoded in either base-256 or octal.

    return originalResponse.newBuilder()
        .header("Cache-Control", "max-age=60")
        .build();
  }
};
```

Pero cuando registras un manejador de excepciones, deberías registrarlo para el `HTTPException` de Starlette.

De esta manera, si alguna parte del código interno de Starlette, o una extensión o complemento de Starlette, lanza un `HTTPException` de Starlette, tu manejador podrá capturarlo y manejarlo.

    -(1L << 54) - 4,
    Long.MIN_VALUE + 2,
    Long.MIN_VALUE + 1,
    Long.MIN_VALUE
  };

  @J2ktIncompatible // EnumSet.complementOf
  @GwtIncompatible
  public void testRoundToDoubleAgainstBigInteger() {
    for (RoundingMode roundingMode : EnumSet.complementOf(EnumSet.of(UNNECESSARY))) {
      for (long candidate : roundToDoubleTestCandidates) {
        assertThat(LongMath.roundToDouble(candidate, roundingMode))