DB.Model(&blog).Association("Tags").Find(&tags)
	if !compareTags(tags, []string{"tag1", "tag2", "tag3"}) {
		t.Fatalf("Should find 3 tags")
	}

	var blog1 Blog
	DB.Preload("Tags").Find(&blog1)
	if !compareTags(blog1.Tags, []string{"tag1", "tag2", "tag3"}) {
		t.Fatalf("Preload many2many relations")
	}

	// Replace
	tag5 := &Tag{Locale: "ZH", Value: "tag5"}
	tag6 := &Tag{Locale: "ZH", Value: "tag6"}

		t.Fatalf("OpUnlink belongs-to failed: %v", err)
	}

	// Reload users to reflect the changes in the database
	if err := DB.First(&u1, u1.ID).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("reload u1: %v", err)
	}
	if err := DB.First(&u2, u2.ID).Error; err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("reload u2: %v", err)
	}

	// Check if company associations were cleared

	DB.Save(&hamster)

	hamster2 := Hamster{}
	DB.Preload("PreferredToy").Preload("OtherToy").Find(&hamster2, hamster.Id)

	if hamster2.PreferredToy.ID != hamster.PreferredToy.ID || hamster2.PreferredToy.Name != hamster.PreferredToy.Name {
		t.Errorf("Hamster's preferred toy failed to preload")
	}

	if hamster2.OtherToy.ID != hamster.OtherToy.ID || hamster2.OtherToy.Name != hamster.OtherToy.Name {

func TestAssociationError(t *testing.T) {
	user := *GetUser("TestAssociationError", Config{Pets: 2, Company: true, Account: true, Languages: 2})
	DB.Create(&user)

	var user1 User
	DB.Preload("Company").Preload("Pets").Preload("Account").Preload("Languages").First(&user1)

	var emptyUser User
	var err error
	// belongs to
	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Company").Delete(&user1.Company)

	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)

	var findUser1 User
	err = DB.Preload("Languages").Where("id = ?", user1.ID).First(&findUser1).Error
	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
	AssertEqual(t, user1, findUser1)

	var findUser2 User
	err = DB.Preload("Languages").Where("id = ?", user2.ID).First(&findUser2).Error
	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
	AssertEqual(t, user2, findUser2)
}

		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
			return db.Table("toys").Select("name")
		}).Count(&count12).Error; err == nil {
		t.Errorf("error should raise when using preload without schema")
	}

	var count13 int64
	if err := DB.Model(User{}).
		Where("name in ?", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}).
		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {

	// ErrInvalidValueOfLength invalid values do not match length
	ErrInvalidValueOfLength = errors.New("invalid association values, length doesn't match")
	// ErrPreloadNotAllowed preload is not allowed when count is used
	ErrPreloadNotAllowed = errors.New("preload is not allowed when count is used")
	// ErrDuplicatedKey occurs when there is a unique key constraint violation
	ErrDuplicatedKey = errors.New("duplicated key not allowed")

		}

		db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clauseSelect)

		db.Statement.Build(db.Statement.BuildClauses...)
	}
}

func Preload(db *gorm.DB) {
	if db.Error == nil && len(db.Statement.Preloads) > 0 {
		if db.Statement.Schema == nil {
			db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%w when using preload", gorm.ErrModelValueRequired))
			return
		}

		joins := make([]string, 0, len(db.Statement.Joins))

		db = scope(db)
	}
	return db
}

// Preload preload associations with given conditions
//
//	// get all users, and preload all non-cancelled orders
//	db.Preload("Orders", "state NOT IN (?)", "cancelled").Find(&users)
func (db *DB) Preload(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
	tx = db.getInstance()
	if tx.Statement.Preloads == nil {
		tx.Statement.Preloads = map[string][]interface{}{}
	}

	browserHSTSIncludeSubdomains = "hsts_include_subdomains"
	// browserHSTSPreload setting name for Strict-Transport-Security response header 'preload' flag (true or false)
	browserHSTSPreload = "hsts_preload"
	// browserReferrerPolicy setting name for Referrer-Policy response header
	browserReferrerPolicy = "referrer_policy"