* times, due to numerical errors.
   *
   * <h3>Non-finite values</h3>
   *
   * <p>If the dataset contains any non-finite values ({@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}, {@link
   * Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY}, or {@link Double#NaN}) then the result is {@link Double#NaN}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalStateException if the dataset is empty
   */
  public double populationCovariance() {

    ImmutableDoubleArray iia =
        ImmutableDoubleArray.of(-0.0, 0.0, Double.MAX_VALUE, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN);
    assertThat(iia.indexOf(-0.0)).isEqualTo(0);
    assertThat(iia.indexOf(0.0)).isEqualTo(1);
    assertThat(iia.indexOf(Double.MAX_VALUE)).isEqualTo(2);
    assertThat(iia.indexOf(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY)).isEqualTo(3);
    assertThat(iia.indexOf(Double.NaN)).isEqualTo(4);
  }

    assertEvents("R0.00", "R1.00", "R1.00");

    limiter.setRate(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
    limiter.acquire();
    limiter.acquire();
    limiter.acquire();
    assertEvents("R1.00", "R0.00", "R0.00");
  }

  public void testInfinity_warmUpTimeElapsed() {
    RateLimiter limiter = RateLimiter.create(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 10, SECONDS, 3.0, stopwatch);
    stopwatch.instant += 1000000;
    limiter.setRate(1.0);

    assertEvents("R0.00", "R1.00", "R1.00");

    limiter.setRate(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
    limiter.acquire();
    limiter.acquire();
    limiter.acquire();
    assertEvents("R1.00", "R0.00", "R0.00");
  }

  public void testInfinity_warmUpTimeElapsed() {
    RateLimiter limiter = RateLimiter.create(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 10, SECONDS, 3.0, stopwatch);
    stopwatch.instant += 1000000;
    limiter.setRate(1.0);

   * times, due to numerical errors.
   *
   * <h3>Non-finite values</h3>
   *
   * <p>If the dataset contains any non-finite values ({@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY}, {@link
   * Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY}, or {@link Double#NaN}) then the result is {@link Double#NaN}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalStateException if the dataset is empty
   */
  public double populationCovariance() {

    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.NaN, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();

    assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> EMPTY_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance());
    assertThat(ONE_VALUE_PAIRED_STATS.populationCovariance()).isEqualTo(0.0);
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();
    assertThat(createSingleStats(Double.NaN, 1.23).populationCovariance()).isNaN();

      for (double first : ImmutableList.of(1.1, POSITIVE_INFINITY, NEGATIVE_INFINITY, NaN)) {
        values[0] = first;
        values[1] = -44.44;
        for (double third : ImmutableList.of(33.33, POSITIVE_INFINITY, NEGATIVE_INFINITY, NaN)) {
          values[2] = third;
          values[3] = 555.555;
          for (double fifth : ImmutableList.of(-2.2, POSITIVE_INFINITY, NEGATIVE_INFINITY, NaN)) {
            values[4] = fifth;

    new RoundToDoubleTester(maxDoubleAsBigDecimal)
        .setExpectation(Double.MAX_VALUE, DOWN, FLOOR, HALF_EVEN, HALF_UP, HALF_DOWN)
        .setExpectation(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, UP, CEILING)
        .roundUnnecessaryShouldThrow()
        .test();
  }

  public void testRoundToDouble_wayTooBig() {
    BigDecimal bi = BigDecimal.valueOf(2).pow(2 * Double.MAX_EXPONENT);

    checkTryParse(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, "Infinity");
    checkTryParse(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, "+Infinity");
    checkTryParse(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, "-Infinity");
  }

  private static final String[] BAD_TRY_PARSE_INPUTS = {
    "",
    "+-",
    "+-0",
    " 5",
    "32 ",
    " 55 ",
    "infinity",
    "POSITIVE_INFINITY",
    "0x9A",
    "0x9A.bE-5",
    ".",