AtomicDoubleArray aa = new AtomicDoubleArray(0);
    assertEquals(0, aa.length());
    assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> aa.get(0));
  }

  /** get and set for out of bound indices throw IndexOutOfBoundsException */
  public void testIndexing() {
    AtomicDoubleArray aa = new AtomicDoubleArray(SIZE);
    for (int index : new int[] {-1, SIZE}) {

    AtomicDoubleArray aa = new AtomicDoubleArray(0);
    assertEquals(0, aa.length());
    assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> aa.get(0));
  }

  /** get and set for out of bound indices throw IndexOutOfBoundsException */
  public void testIndexing() {
    AtomicDoubleArray aa = new AtomicDoubleArray(SIZE);
    for (int index : new int[] {-1, SIZE}) {

      // Both a and b are odd. Assume a > b; then gcd(a - b, b) = gcd(a, b).
      // But in gcd(a - b, b), a - b is even and b is odd, so we can divide out powers of two.

      // We bend over backwards to avoid branching, adapting a technique from
      // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerMinOrMax

      long delta = a - b; // can't overflow, since a and b are nonnegative

              + " called");
    }
  }

  public void testNullBounds() {
    // NullBounds has methods whose parameters are type variables that have
    // "extends @Nullable Object" as a bound. This test ensures that NullPointerTester considers
    // those parameters to be @Nullable, so it won't call the methods.
    NullBounds<?, ?, ?> nullBounds = new NullBounds<>();

  }

  /**
   * Returns an estimate of the number of threads waiting for the given guard to become satisfied.
   * Note that because timeouts and interrupts may occur at any time, the estimate serves only as an
   * upper bound on the actual number of waiters. This method is designed for use in monitoring of
   * the system state, not for synchronization control.
   */
  public int getWaitQueueLength(Guard guard) {
    if (guard.monitor != this) {

   * of upper bound).
   */
  Set<Range<C>> asRanges();

  /**
   * Returns a descending view of the {@linkplain Range#isConnected disconnected} ranges that make
   * up this range set. The returned set may be empty. The iterators returned by its {@link
   * Iterable#iterator} method return the ranges in decreasing order of lower bound (equivalently,
   * of upper bound).

   * using a secondary hash (Marsaglia XorShift) to try to find a
   * free slot.
   *
   * The table size is capped because, when there are more threads
   * than CPUs, supposing that each thread were bound to a CPU,
   * there would exist a perfect hash function mapping threads to
   * slots that eliminates collisions. When we reach capacity, we
   * search for this mapping by randomly varying the hash codes of

    // we try hard to make them robust in practice.  We could additionally try to add in a system
    // load timeout multiplier.  Or we could try to use a CPU time bound instead of wall clock time
    // bound.  But these ideas are harder to implement.  We do not try to detect or handle a
    // user-specified -XX:+DisableExplicitGC.
    //
    // TODO(user): Consider using

   * contents, such as {@code "[1..100]}"}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if neither this range nor the domain has a lower bound, or if
   *     neither has an upper bound
   */
  public ImmutableSortedSet<C> asSet(DiscreteDomain<C> domain) {
    checkNotNull(domain);
    if (isEmpty()) {
      return ImmutableSortedSet.of();
    }

   * contents, such as {@code "[1..100]}"}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if neither this range nor the domain has a lower bound, or if
   *     neither has an upper bound
   */
  public ImmutableSortedSet<C> asSet(DiscreteDomain<C> domain) {
    checkNotNull(domain);
    if (isEmpty()) {
      return ImmutableSortedSet.of();
    }