}

  public void testToArray() {
    // need explicit type parameter to avoid javac warning!?
    List<Integer> none = Arrays.<Integer>asList();
    assertThat(Ints.toArray(none)).isEqualTo(EMPTY);

    List<Integer> one = Arrays.asList((int) 1);
    assertThat(Ints.toArray(one)).isEqualTo(ARRAY1);

    int[] array = {(int) 0, (int) 1, (int) 0xdeadbeef};

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item):

from dataclasses import dataclass

from fastapi import FastAPI


@dataclass
class Item:
    name: str
    price: float
    description: str | None = None
    tax: float | None = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item):

from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Cookies(BaseModel):
    model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}

    session_id: str
    fatebook_tracker: str | None = None
    googall_tracker: str | None = None


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(cookies: Cookies = Cookie()):

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Cookies(BaseModel):
    session_id: str
    fatebook_tracker: str | None = None
    googall_tracker: str | None = None


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(cookies: Annotated[Cookies, Cookie()]):

由于这种情况下（不使用 `Annotated`）我们必须把函数中的默认值 `None` 替换为 `Query()`，因此需要通过参数 `Query(default=None)` 来设置默认值，它起到同样的作用（至少对 FastAPI 来说）。

所以：

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None)
```

...会让参数变成可选，默认值为 `None`，等同于：

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

但使用 `Query` 的版本会显式把它声明为一个查询参数。

然后，我们可以向 `Query` 传入更多参数。本例中是适用于字符串的 `max_length` 参数：

async def override_dependency(q: str | None = None):
    return {"q": q, "skip": 5, "limit": 10}


app.dependency_overrides[common_parameters] = override_dependency


def test_override_in_items():
    response = client.get("/items/")
    assert response.status_code == 200
    assert response.json() == {
        "message": "Hello Items!",
        "params": {"q": None, "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
    }

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Annotated[Item, Body(embed=True)]):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}

class SubItem(BaseModel):
    subname: str
    sub_description: str | None = None
    tags: list[str] = []
    model_config = {"json_schema_serialization_defaults_required": True}


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    sub: SubItem | None = None
    model_config = {"json_schema_serialization_defaults_required": True}

            "description": None,
            "tax": None,
        },
        "user": {"username": "johndoe", "full_name": None},
    }


def test_post_no_body(client: TestClient):
    response = client.put("/items/5", json=None)
    assert response.status_code == 422
    assert response.json() == {
        "detail": [
            {
                "input": None,
                "loc": [