from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, File, UploadFile

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/files/")
async def create_file(file: Union[bytes, None] = File(default=None)):
    if not file:
        return {"message": "No file sent"}
    else:
        return {"file_size": len(file)}


@app.post("/uploadfile/")
async def create_upload_file(file: Union[UploadFile, None] = None):
    if not file:

    name: str
    mode: Literal["validation", "serialization"] = "validation"
    config: Union[ConfigDict, None] = None

    @property
    def alias(self) -> str:
        a = self.field_info.alias
        return a if a is not None else self.name

    @property
    def validation_alias(self) -> Union[str, None]:
        va = self.field_info.validation_alias
        if isinstance(va, str) and va:

from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, Query
from sqlmodel import Field, Session, SQLModel, create_engine, select


class Hero(SQLModel, table=True):
    id: Union[int, None] = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
    name: str = Field(index=True)
    age: Union[int, None] = Field(default=None, index=True)
    secret_name: str


sqlite_file_name = "database.db"

class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None
    scopes: list[str] = []


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """
    Create an item with all the information:

from typing import Union


def process_item(item: Union[int, str]):

```

////

#### Использовать `Union` или `Optional` { #using-union-or-optional }

Если вы используете версию Python ниже 3.10, вот совет с моей весьма **субъективной** точки зрения:

* 🚨 Избегайте использования `Optional[SomeType]`
* Вместо этого ✨ **используйте `Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

#### <abbr title="Union – Verbund, Einheit‚ Vereinigung: Eines von Mehreren">Union</abbr> { #union }

Sie können deklarieren, dass eine Variable einer von **verschiedenen Typen** sein kann, zum Beispiel ein `int` oder ein `str`.

In Python 3.6 und höher (inklusive Python 3.10) können Sie den `Union`-Typ von `typing` verwenden und die möglichen Typen innerhalb der eckigen Klammern auflisten.

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI


@dataclass
class Item:
    name: str
    price: float
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    tax: Union[float, None] = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item):

from typing import Union

from fastapi import Cookie, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Cookies(BaseModel):
    model_config = {"extra": "forbid"}

    session_id: str
    fatebook_tracker: Union[str, None] = None
    googall_tracker: Union[str, None] = None


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(cookies: Cookies = Cookie()):