// URL escapers should throw null pointer exceptions for null input
    try {
      e.escape((String) null);
      fail("Escaping null string should throw exception");
    } catch (NullPointerException x) {
      // pass
    }

    // All URL escapers should leave 0-9, A-Z, a-z unescaped
    assertUnescaped(e, 'a');
    assertUnescaped(e, 'z');
    assertUnescaped(e, 'A');
    assertUnescaped(e, 'Z');
    assertUnescaped(e, '0');

For that you need to access the request directly.

{* ../../docs_src/using_request_directly/tutorial001.py hl[1,7:8] *}

By declaring a *path operation function* parameter with the type being the `Request` **FastAPI** will know to pass the `Request` in that parameter.

/// tip

Note that in this case, we are declaring a path parameter beside the request parameter.

///

## Recap { #recap }

You can use Pydantic's `Field` to declare extra validations and metadata for model attributes.

## MinIO Docker Tips

### MinIO Custom Access and Secret Keys

To override MinIO's auto-generated keys, you may pass secret and access keys explicitly as environment variables. MinIO server also allows regular strings as access and secret keys.

#### GNU/Linux and macOS (custom access and secret keys)

```sh
docker run \
  -p 9000:9000 \

# Testen

Dank <a href="https://www.starlette.io/testclient/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> ist das Testen von **FastAPI**-Anwendungen einfach und macht Spaß.

Es basiert auf <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a>, welches wiederum auf der Grundlage von requests konzipiert wurde, es ist also sehr vertraut und intuitiv.

    private int numberOfNames;
    private final byte[] macAddress;
    private byte[] stats;

    NbtAddress[] addressArray;

    /*
     * It is a little awkward but prudent to pass the quering address
     * so that it may be included in the list of results. IOW we do
     * not want to create a new NbtAddress object for this particular
     * address from which the query is constructed, we want to populate

```JSON
{
  "detail": "Item not found"
}
```

/// tip

When raising an `HTTPException`, you can pass any value that can be converted to JSON as the parameter `detail`, not only `str`.

You could pass a `dict`, a `list`, etc.

They are handled automatically by **FastAPI** and converted to JSON.

///

## Add custom headers { #add-custom-headers }

    sendRequest(client, "https://valid-isrgrootx1.letsencrypt.org/robots.txt");

    try {
      sendRequest(client, "https://google.com/robots.txt");
      if (androidMorEarlier) {
        // will pass with default CAs on N or later
        fail();
      }
    } catch (SSLHandshakeException sslhe) {
      assertTrue(androidMorEarlier);
    }
  }

   *
   * <ul>
   *   <li>To output a separate entry for each key-value pair, pass {@code multimap.entries()} to a
   *       {@code MapJoiner} method that accepts entries as input, and receive output of the form
   *       {@code key1=A&key1=B&key2=C}.
   *   <li>To output a single entry for each key, pass {@code multimap.asMap()} to a {@code

  <packaging>pom</packaging>
  <name>Guava Maven Parent</name>
  <description>Parent for guava artifacts</description>
  <url>https://github.com/google/guava</url>
  <properties>
    <!--
    When building Guava, you can pass (e.g.) `-Dsurefire.toolchain.version=21` to change which version to run tests under.
    You may find that you need to use Java 11+ to *build* Guava, but it continues to work under Java 8, and you can run tests to verify that, as we do.