If you pass a "callable" as a dependency in **FastAPI**, it will analyze the parameters for that "callable", and process them in the same way as the parameters for a *path operation function*. Including sub-dependencies.

That also applies to callables with no parameters at all. The same as it would be for *path operation functions* with no parameters.

///

## Password hashing

"Hashing" means converting some content (a password in this case) into a sequence of bytes (just a string) that looks like gibberish.

Whenever you pass exactly the same content (exactly the same password) you get exactly the same gibberish.

But you cannot convert from the gibberish back to the password.

### Why use password hashing

  display: inline-block;
}

a.external-link::after {
  /* \00A0 is a non-breaking space
        to make the mark be on the same line as the link
    */
  content: "\00A0[↪]";
}

a.internal-link::after {
  /* \00A0 is a non-breaking space
        to make the mark be on the same line as the link
    */
  content: "\00A0↪";
}

.shadow {
  box-shadow: 5px 5px 10px #999;
}

In Pydantic version 1 the method to parse and validate an object was `Item.parse_obj()`, in Pydantic version 2, the method is called `Item.model_validate()`.

///

/// tip

Here we reuse the same Pydantic model.

But the same way, we could have validated it in some other way.

You could also use `from starlette.requests import Request` and `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette. The same with `Request`.

///

## Override the default exception handlers

**FastAPI** has some default exception handlers.

   * even in the same order. (It is guaranteed to return true for instances constructed from the
   * same values in the same order if {@code strictfp} is in effect, or if the system architecture
   * guarantees {@code strictfp}-like semantics.)
   */
  @Override
  public boolean equals(@CheckForNull Object obj) {
    if (obj == null) {
      return false;
    }
    if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
      return false;
    }

The process that happens when your API app calls the *external API* is named a "callback". Because the software that the external developer wrote sends a request to your API and then your API *calls back*, sending a request to an *external API* (that was probably created by the same developer).

	} else if addr2Local, err = isLocalHost(host2, port2, port2); err != nil {
		// Host not empty, check if it is local
		return false, err
	}

	// If both of addresses point to the same machine, check if
	// have the same port
	if addr1Local && addr2Local {
		if port1 == port2 {
			return true, nil
		}
	}
	return false, nil
}

// CheckLocalServerAddr - checks if serverAddr is valid and local host.

    for (int i = 0; i < keyBits; i++) {
      int same = 0x0; // bitset for output bits with same values
      int diff = 0x0; // bitset for output bits with different values
      int count = 0;
      // originally was 2 * Math.log(...), making it try more times to avoid flakiness issues
      int maxCount = (int) (4 * Math.log(2 * keyBits * hashBits) + 1);
      while (same != 0xffffffff || diff != 0xffffffff) {

            return shortenedSubprojectName
        }
        return shortenedSubprojectName.replace(Regex("[aeiou]"), "")
    }

    fun asName(): String =
        "${testType.name.toCapitalized()} ${testJvmVersion.name.toCapitalized()} ${vendor.displayName} ${os.asName()} ${arch.asName()}${if (withoutDependencies) " without dependencies" else ""}"
}