* columns in the first row, the columns in the second row, etc. If a column Comparator is
       * provided but a row Comparator isn't, cellSet() iterates across the rows in the first
       * column, the rows in the second column, etc.
       */
      Comparator<Cell<R, C, V>> comparator =
          (Cell<R, C, V> cell1, Cell<R, C, V> cell2) -> {

   *
   * - https://github.com/jspecify/jdk/commit/71d826792b8c7ef95d492c50a274deab938f2552
   */
  /*
   * TODO(cpovirk): Is the unchecked cast avoidable? Would System.arraycopy be similarly fast (if
   * likewise not type-checked)? Could our single caller do something different?
   */
  @SuppressWarnings({"nullness", "unchecked"})

          // it is kind of lame that we need to construct a decoder to access this value.
          // if this is a concern we could add special cases for some known charsets (like utf8)
          // or we could avoid inputstreamreader and use the decoder api directly
          // TODO(lukes): in a real implementation we would need to handle overflow conditions
          int maxChars = (int) (size.get().intValue() * cs.newDecoder().maxCharsPerByte());

In the next chapter about [FastAPI in Containers - Docker](docker.md){.internal-link target=_blank} I'll explain some strategies you could use to handle the other **deployment concepts**.

I'll show you how to **build your own image from scratch** to run a single Uvicorn process. It is a simple process and is probably what you would want to do when using a distributed container management system like **Kubernetes**.

## Recap { #recap }

public class ExecutionError extends Error {
  /*
   * Ideally, this class would have exposed only constructors that require a non-null cause. See
   * https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify-reference-checker/blob/61aafa4ae52594830cfc2d61c8b113009dbdb045/src/main/java/com/google/jspecify/nullness/NullSpecTransfer.java#L789
   * and https://github.com/jspecify/jspecify/issues/490.
   *

        "needy"
      ],
      "msg": "Field required",
      "input": null
    }
  ]
}
```

As `needy` is a required parameter, you would need to set it in the URL:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item?needy=sooooneedy
```

...this would work:

```JSON
{
    "item_id": "foo-item",
    "needy": "sooooneedy"
}
```

   * and not contents.
   *
   * <p>This is useful for implementing {@link Object#hashCode()}. For example, in an object that
   * has three properties, {@code x}, {@code y}, and {@code z}, one could write:
   *
   * {@snippet :
   * public int hashCode() {
   *   return Objects.hashCode(getX(), getY(), getZ());
   * }
   * }
   *

{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial001_py39.py hl[10:12] *}

/// note | Technical Details

You could also use `from starlette.responses import Response` or `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

Since FastAPI 0.119.0, there's also partial support for Pydantic v1 from inside of Pydantic v2, to facilitate the migration to v2.

So, you could upgrade Pydantic to the latest version 2, and change the imports to use the `pydantic.v1` submodule, and in many cases it would just work.

{* ../../docs_src/pydantic_v1_in_v2/tutorial002_an_py310.py hl[2,5,15] *}

/// warning

That way, the sub-application will know to use that path prefix for the docs UI.

And the sub-application could also have its own mounted sub-applications and everything would work correctly, because FastAPI handles all these `root_path`s automatically.