def test_security_oauth2_password_bearer_no_header():
    response = client.get("/users/me")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Create an account first"}


def test_strict_login_no_data():
    response = client.post("/login")
    assert response.status_code == 422
    assert response.json() == {
        "detail": [
            {

    response = client.get("/users/me")
    assert response.status_code == 401, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Not authenticated"}
    assert response.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] == "Bearer"


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == snapshot(
        {

Create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md) and pass the headers as an additional parameter:

{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial001_py310.py hl[10:12] *}

/// note | Technical Details

You could also use `from starlette.responses import Response` or `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

    response = client.get("/users/me")
    assert response.status_code == 401, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Not authenticated"}
    assert response.headers["WWW-Authenticate"] == "Bearer"


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == snapshot(
        {

client = TestClient(app)


def test_single_form_field():
    response = client.post("/form/", data={"username": "Rick"})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == "Rick"


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == snapshot(
        {
            "openapi": "3.1.0",

def test_additional_properties_post():
    response = client.post("/foo", json={"items": {"foo": 1, "bar": 2}})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"foo": 1, "bar": 2}


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == snapshot(
        {
            "openapi": "3.1.0",

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import FileResponse
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    id: str
    value: str


app = FastAPI()


@app.get(
    "/items/{item_id}",
    response_model=Item,
    responses={
        200: {
            "content": {"image/png": {}},
            "description": "Return the JSON item or an image.",
        }
    },
)

def test_security_http_base():
    response = client.get("/users/me", headers={"Authorization": "Other foobar"})
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"scheme": "Other", "credentials": "foobar"}


def test_security_http_base_no_credentials():
    response = client.get("/users/me")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"msg": "Create an account first"}

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    id: str
    value: str


class Message(BaseModel):
    message: str


app = FastAPI()


@app.get(
    "/items/{item_id}",
    response_model=Item,
    responses={
        404: {"model": Message, "description": "The item was not found"},
        200: {

但是现在你知道了它的工作原理，因此无论它们多么复杂，你都可以在自己的应用程序中使用相对导入。🤓

### 添加一些自定义的 `tags`、`responses` 和 `dependencies` { #add-some-custom-tags-responses-and-dependencies }

我们不打算在每个*路径操作*中添加前缀 `/items` 或 `tags =["items"]`，因为我们将它们添加到了 `APIRouter` 中。

但是我们仍然可以添加*更多*将会应用于特定的*路径操作*的 `tags`，以及一些特定于该*路径操作*的额外 `responses`：

{* ../../docs_src/bigger_applications/app_an_py310/routers/items.py hl[30:31] title["app/routers/items.py"] *}