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    session.add(hero)
    session.commit()
    session.refresh(hero)
    return hero


@app.get("/heroes/")
def read_heroes(
    session: SessionDep,
    offset: int = 0,
    limit: Annotated[int, Query(le=100)] = 100,
) -> list[Hero]:
    heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
    return heroes


@app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}")
def read_hero(hero_id: int, session: SessionDep) -> Hero:

    return db_hero


@app.get("/heroes/", response_model=list[HeroPublic])
def read_heroes(
    session: Session = Depends(get_session),
    offset: int = 0,
    limit: int = Query(default=100, le=100),
):
    heroes = session.exec(select(Hero).offset(offset).limit(limit)).all()
    return heroes


@app.get("/heroes/{hero_id}", response_model=HeroPublic)

app = FastAPI()

app.add_middleware(UnicornMiddleware, some_config="rainbow")
```

`app.add_middleware()` recibe una clase de middleware como primer argumento y cualquier argumento adicional que se le quiera pasar al middleware.

## Middlewares integrados { #integrated-middlewares }

**FastAPI** incluye varios middlewares para casos de uso común, veremos a continuación cómo usarlos.

/// note | Detalles Técnicos

## Validierung von Zahlen: Größer und kleiner oder gleich { #number-validations-greater-than-and-less-than-or-equal }

Das Gleiche gilt für:

* `gt`: `g`reater `t`han (größer als)
* `le`: `l`ess than or `e`qual (kleiner oder gleich)

{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial005_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial004_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

## Валідація числових даних: більше ніж і менше або дорівнює

Те саме застосовується до:

* `gt`: `g`reater `t`han (більше ніж)
* `le`: `l`ess than or `e`qual (менше або дорівнює)

{* ../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial005_an_py39.py hl[10] *}

## Валідація числових даних: float, більше ніж і менше ніж

                    "type": "less_than_equal",
                    "loc": ["query", "limit"],
                    "msg": "Input should be less than or equal to 100",
                    "input": "150",
                    "ctx": {"le": 100},
                },
                {
                    "type": "greater_than_equal",
                    "loc": ["query", "offset"],
                    "msg": "Input should be greater than or equal to 0",

		"Total number of requests canceled by the client", "name", "type")

	apiRequestsTTFBSecondsDistributionMD = NewCounterMD(apiRequestsTTFBSecondsDistribution,
		"Distribution of time to first byte across API calls", "name", "type", "le")

	apiTrafficSentBytesMD = NewCounterMD(apiTrafficSentBytes,
		"Total number of bytes sent", "type")
	apiTrafficRecvBytesMD = NewCounterMD(apiTrafficRecvBytes,
		"Total number of bytes received", "type")
)

            {
                "loc": ["path", "item_id"],
                "input": "1001",
                "msg": "Input should be less than or equal to 1000",
                "type": "less_than_equal",
                "ctx": {"le": 1000},
            }
        ]
    }


def test_read_items_missing_q(client: TestClient):
    response = client.get("/items/42")
    assert response.status_code == 422, response.text

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