```console
$ pip install pyjwt

---> 100%
```

</div>

/// info | "说明"

如果您打算使用类似 RSA 或 ECDSA 的数字签名算法，您应该安装加密库依赖项 `pyjwt[crypto]`。

您可以在 <a href="https://pyjwt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">PyJWT Installation docs</a> 获得更多信息。

///

## 密码哈希

**哈希**是指把特定内容（本例中为密码）转换为乱码形式的字节序列（其实就是字符串）。

每次传入完全相同的内容时（比如，完全相同的密码），返回的都是完全相同的乱码。

但这个乱码无法转换回传入的密码。

{!> ../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006b.py!}
```

////

/// info

If you hadn't seen that `...` before: it is a special single value, it is <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis" class="external-link" target="_blank">part of Python and is called "Ellipsis"</a>.

It is used by Pydantic and FastAPI to explicitly declare that a value is required.

///

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 * powerful advantage. Although Java offers certain immutable collection factory methods, such as
 * {@link Collections#singleton(Object)} and <a
 * href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/9/docs/api/java/util/Set.html#immutable">{@code Set.of}</a>,
 * we recommend using <i>these</i> classes instead for this reason (as well as for consistency).
 *
 * <h4>Creation</h4>
 *

   * elements.
   *
   * <p>For streams with defined encounter order (as defined in the Ordering section of the {@link
   * java.util.stream} Javadoc), that order is preserved, but entries are <a
   * href="ImmutableMultimap.html#iteration">grouped by key</a>.
   *
   * <p>Example:
   *
   * <pre>{@code
   * static final Multimap<Character, String> FIRST_LETTER_MULTIMAP =
   *     Stream.of("banana", "apple", "carrot", "asparagus", "cherry")

import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/**
 * Static convenience methods that serve the same purpose as Java language <a
 * href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/language/assert.html">assertions</a>,
 * except that they are always enabled. These methods should be used instead of Java assertions
 * whenever there is a chance the check may fail "in real life". Example:
 *
 * <pre>{@code