import okhttp3.HttpUrl.Companion.toHttpUrl
import okhttp3.HttpUrl.Companion.toHttpUrlOrNull
import okio.buffer
import okio.source
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ArgumentsSource

/** Runs the web platform URL tests against Java URL models.  */
class WebPlatformUrlTest {
  class TestDataParamProvider : SimpleProvider() {
    override fun arguments() = ArrayList<Any>(loadTests())

```Python hl_lines="6-7  21-22"
{!../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial001.py!}
```

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.responses` as `fastapi.responses` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available responses come directly from Starlette.

///

## Returning a custom `Response`

///

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette.requests import Request`.

**FastAPI** provides it as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

///

### Before and after the `response`

You can add code to be run with the `request`,  before any *path operation* receives it.

// ErrNotImplemented is returned when a requested feature is not implemented.
var ErrNotImplemented = errors.New("not implemented")

// Program defines a method which programs iptables based on the parameters
// provided in Redirect.
func (ipt *iptables) Program(podName, netns string, rdrct *Redirect) error {
	return ErrNotImplemented

furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE

                byBuildPath(CommonBuilds.BUILD_PATH_RUNTIME)));
        result.add(internalScopeManager.createDependencyScope(
                DependencyScope.PROVIDED.id(),
                DependencyScope.PROVIDED.isTransitive(),
                union(
                        byBuildPath(CommonBuilds.BUILD_PATH_COMPILE),

   *
   * <p>Subclasses can override this method to provide custom equality.
   */
  @Override
  public boolean equals(@CheckForNull Object obj) {
    return super.equals(obj);
  }

  /**
   * By default delegates to {@link Object#hashCode}. The dynamic proxies' {@code hashCode()} will
   * delegate to this method. Subclasses can override this method to provide custom equality.
   */
  @Override

<img src="/img/tutorial/response-status-code/image02.png">

/// note | "Technical Details"

You could also use `from starlette import status`.

**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.status` as `fastapi.status` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

///

## Changing the default

 * {@code ByteSink} is not an open, stateful stream that can be written to and closed. Instead, it
 * is an immutable <i>supplier</i> of {@code OutputStream} instances.
 *
 * <p>{@code ByteSink} provides two kinds of methods:
 *
 * <ul>
 *   <li><b>Methods that return a stream:</b> These methods should return a <i>new</i>, independent
 *       instance each time they are called. The caller is responsible for ensuring that the

 * }</pre>
 *
 * <p>Graph algorithms that need additional capabilities (accessing both predecessors and
 * successors, iterating over the edges, etc.) should declare their input to be of a type that
 * provides those capabilities, such as {@link Graph}, {@link ValueGraph}, or {@link Network}.
 *
 * <h3>Additional documentation</h3>
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide for the {@code common.graph} package (<a