}

    public void test_specialCharactersInMessage() {
        // Test with special characters in message
        String message = "LDAP error: \n\t\r Special chars: @#$%^&*(){}[]|\\:;\"'<>,.?/~`";
        LdapOperationException exception = new LdapOperationException(message);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
    }

    public void test_unicodeMessage() {

        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    public void test_withSpecialCharactersInMessage() {
        // Test with special characters in message
        String message = "Error with special chars: \n\t\r\"'<>&";
        ScriptEngineException exception = new ScriptEngineException(message);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder("abc");
    List<Character> chars = charactersOf(builder);
    assertEquals(asList('a', 'b', 'c'), chars);
    builder.append("def");
    assertEquals(asList('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'), chars);
    builder.deleteCharAt(5);
    assertEquals(asList('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'), chars);
  }

  public void testNewArrayListEmpty() {

            // Expected exception
            assertNotNull(e);
        }
    }

    // Test special characters in property values
    public void test_get_specialCharacters() {
        String testKey = "special.chars";
        String specialValue = "!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|;':\",./<>?";
        System.setProperty(Constants.FESS_CONFIG_PREFIX + testKey, specialValue);

        try {
            String value = fessConfig.get(testKey);

      // Start with "%--" and fill in the blanks
      char[] dest = new char[3];
      dest[0] = '%';
      dest[2] = upperHexDigits[cp & 0xF];
      dest[1] = upperHexDigits[cp >>> 4];
      return dest;
    } else if (cp <= 0x7ff) {
      // Two byte UTF-8 characters [cp >= 0x80 && cp <= 0x7ff]
      // Start with "%--%--" and fill in the blanks
      char[] dest = new char[6];
      dest[0] = '%';
      dest[3] = '%';

        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().length() > 10000);
    }

    public void test_specialCharactersInMessage() {
        // Test special characters in message
        String message = "Special chars: \n\t\r\"'<>&{}[]()!@#$%^&*";

        SearchQueryException exception = new SearchQueryException(message);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
    }

    public void test_unicodeInMessage() {

        final VaMessenger<FessMessages> messageCode = messages -> messages.addErrorsInvalidQueryUnknown(UserMessages.GLOBAL_PROPERTY_KEY);
        final Exception cause = new RuntimeException("Special chars: \n\t\r\f\b");

        // Execute
        final InvalidQueryException exception = new InvalidQueryException(messageCode, message, cause);

        // Verify special characters are preserved

    String expected = "abcdabcd";

    // read the first 8 chars manually, since there's no equivalent to ByteSource.slice
    // TODO(cgdecker): Add CharSource.slice?
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
    Reader reader = concatenated.openStream(); // no need to worry about closing
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
      builder.append((char) reader.read());
    }
    assertEquals(expected, builder.toString());

  private fun largeHeaders(): List<Header> {
    val nameValues = arrayOfNulls<String>(32)
    val chars = CharArray(512)
    var i = 0
    while (i < nameValues.size) {
      Arrays.fill(chars, i.toChar())
      val string = String(chars)
      nameValues[i++] = string
      nameValues[i++] = string
    }
    return headerEntries(*nameValues)
  }

        assertEquals(longId.toString(), testRule.getRuleId());

        // Special characters in rule ID
        testRule.setRuleId("rule-id_with.special@chars#123");
        assertEquals("rule-id_with.special@chars#123", testRule.getRuleId());

        // Unicode characters
        testRule.setRuleId("ルール日本語");
        assertEquals("ルール日本語", testRule.getRuleId());

        // Whitespace