assertEquals("LDAP operation failed", exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("LDAP configuration error", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(innerCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Invalid LDAP parameter", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    public void test_throwAndCatch() {

        // Expect the message to be set correctly and cause to be null
        assertEquals(errorMessage, e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a cause.
     */
    @Test
    void testCauseConstructor() {
        Throwable cause = new RuntimeException("Root cause");
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException(cause);

        // Arrange - use a real cause so message is derived from cause.toString()
        Throwable cause = new IllegalStateException("proto mismatch");
        String expectedMessage = cause.toString();

        // Act
        SMBProtocolDowngradeException ex = new SMBProtocolDowngradeException(cause);

        // Assert - cause preserved, message derived from cause
        assertSame(cause, ex.getCause());

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should provide correct cause for constructor with cause only")
    void testCauseOnlyConstructorMessage() {
        // Given
        RuntimeException cause = new RuntimeException("Specific cause message");

        // When
        RuntimeCIFSException exception = new RuntimeCIFSException(cause);

        // Then
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertNotNull(exception.getMessage());

        assertEquals("Theme operation failed", exception.getMessage());
        assertNotNull(exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Processing failed", exception.getCause().getMessage());

        // Check nested cause
        Throwable nestedCause = exception.getCause().getCause();
        assertNotNull(nestedCause);
        assertEquals(innerCause, nestedCause);

        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Middle cause", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(rootCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Root cause", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    public void test_serialVersionUID() {

            throw new DataStoreException(errorMessage, cause);
        } catch (DataStoreException e) {
            assertEquals(errorMessage, e.getMessage());
            assertEquals(cause, e.getCause());
            assertEquals("IO error", e.getCause().getMessage());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            fail("Should have caught DataStoreException specifically");
        }
    }

    public void test_multipleExceptionTypes() {

        // Then
        assertSame(cause, exception.getCause(), "Crypto cause should be preserved");
        assertEquals(cause.toString(), exception.getMessage(), "Message should be cause.toString() when only cause is provided");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Message and cause constructor should preserve both crypto parameters")
    void testMessageAndCauseConstructor() {

        assertEquals("Thumbnail generation error", exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Processing failed", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(innerCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Invalid image format", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    public void test_serialization() {

        }
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Cause-only constructor: preserves provided cause; no interactions with cause")
    void causeOnlyConstructor_preservesCause_andNoInteractions() {
        // Arrange & Act
        SMBProtocolDecodingException ex = new SMBProtocolDecodingException(mockCause);

        // Assert cause propagation
        assertSame(mockCause, ex.getCause(), "Cause should be exactly the provided instance");