*     in an {@code int}
   */
  public static short[] concat(short[]... arrays) {
    long length = 0;
    for (short[] array : arrays) {
      length += array.length;
    }
    short[] result = new short[checkNoOverflow(length)];
    int pos = 0;
    for (short[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;

   *     in an {@code int}
   */
  public static char[] concat(char[]... arrays) {
    long length = 0;
    for (char[] array : arrays) {
      length += array.length;
    }
    char[] result = new char[checkNoOverflow(length)];
    int pos = 0;
    for (char[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;
  }

    return CompactHashSet.create();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new array of the given length with the same type as a reference array.
   *
   * @param reference any array of the desired type
   * @param length the length of the new array
   */
  /*
   * The new array contains nulls, even if the old array did not. If we wanted to be accurate, we

   *     in an {@code int}
   */
  public static int[] concat(int[]... arrays) {
    long length = 0;
    for (int[] array : arrays) {
      length += array.length;
    }
    int[] result = new int[checkNoOverflow(length)];
    int pos = 0;
    for (int[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;
  }

    return CompactHashSet.create();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new array of the given length with the same type as a reference array.
   *
   * @param reference any array of the desired type
   * @param length the length of the new array
   */
  /*
   * The new array contains nulls, even if the old array did not. If we wanted to be accurate, we

        this.output = output == null ? null : output.replace("\n", " ");
        Arrays.sort(inputs);

        if (id == 0) {
            // create
            newInputs = inputs;
            newOutput = output;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the array of new input character sequences for update operations.
     *
     * @return array of new input sequences, or null if no updates are pending
     */

  public void testZeros() {
    // Test 32 byte array of 0x00.
    byte[] zeros = new byte[32];
    assertCrc(0x8a9136aa, zeros);
  }

  public void testZeros100() {
    // Test 100 byte array of 0x00.
    byte[] zeros = new byte[100];
    assertCrc(0x07cb9ff6, zeros);
  }

  public void testFull() {
    // Test 32 byte array of 0xFF.
    byte[] fulls = new byte[32];
    Arrays.fill(fulls, (byte) 0xFF);

   *     in an {@code int}
   */
  public static long[] concat(long[]... arrays) {
    long length = 0;
    for (long[] array : arrays) {
      length += array.length;
    }
    long[] result = new long[checkNoOverflow(length)];
    int pos = 0;
    for (long[] array : arrays) {
      System.arraycopy(array, 0, result, pos, array.length);
      pos += array.length;
    }
    return result;
  }

   * @since 23.1
   */
  public static void sort(long[] array, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
    checkNotNull(array);
    checkPositionIndexes(fromIndex, toIndex, array.length);
    for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
      array[i] = flip(array[i]);
    }
    Arrays.sort(array, fromIndex, toIndex);
    for (int i = fromIndex; i < toIndex; i++) {
      array[i] = flip(array[i]);
    }
  }

  /**

    T[] result = newArray(array, array.length + 1);
    result[0] = element;
    arraycopy(array, 0, result, 1, array.length);
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new array that appends {@code element} to {@code array}.
   *
   * @param array the array of elements to prepend
   * @param element the element to append to the end