*   <li><b>Convenience methods:</b> These are implementations of common operations that are
 *       typically implemented by opening a stream using one of the methods in the first category,
 *       doing something and finally closing the stream or channel that was opened.
 * </ul>
 *
 * @since 14.0
 * @author Colin Decker
 */
@J2ktIncompatible
@GwtIncompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

`Optional[Something]` là một cách viết ngắn gọn của `Union[Something, None]`, chúng là tương đương nhau.

Điều này cũng có nghĩa là trong Python 3.10, bạn có thể sử dụng `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

   *
   * ```
   * [5] EXPLICIT UTF8String
   * ```
   *
   * @param forceConstructed non-null to set the constructed bit to the specified value, even if the
   *     writing process sets something else. This is used to encode SEQUENCES in values that are
   *     declared to have non-constructed values, like OCTET STRING values.
   */
  @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST") // read() produces a single element of the expected type.

# About HTTPS

It is easy to assume that HTTPS is something that is just "enabled" or not.

But it is way more complex than that.

/// tip

If you are in a hurry or don't care, continue with the next sections for step by step instructions to set everything up with different techniques.

///

  // HashCode on an existing OutputStream, compared to creating a separate OutputStream that could
  // be (optionally) be combined with another if needed (with something like
  // MultiplexingOutputStream).
  public HashingOutputStream(HashFunction hashFunction, OutputStream out) {
    super(checkNotNull(out));
    this.hasher = checkNotNull(hashFunction.newHasher());
  }

            throws ProjectBuildingException;

    // TODO this is only to provide a project for plugins that don't need a project to execute but need some
    // of the values from a MavenProject. Ideally this should be something internal and nothing outside Maven
    // would ever need this so it should not be exposed in a public API
    MavenProject buildStandaloneSuperProject(ProjectBuilderConfiguration configuration) throws ProjectBuildingException;

/// tip

The actual callback is just an HTTP request.

When implementing the callback yourself, you could use something like <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> or <a href="https://requests.readthedocs.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Requests</a>.

///

   * String.class}, then {@code new TypeResolver().where(formal, actual)} will {@linkplain
   * #resolveType resolve} {@code ParameterizedType List<T>} to {@code List<String>}, and resolve
   * {@code Map<T, Something>} to {@code Map<String, Something>} etc. Similarly, {@code formal} and
   * {@code actual} can be {@code Map<K, V>} and {@code Map<String, Integer>} respectively, or they

`Optional[Something]` é na verdade um atalho para `Union[Something, None]`, eles são equivalentes.

Isso também significa que no Python 3.10, você pode utilizar `Something | None`:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

////

```

////

Let's focus on the parameters declared:

* Even though this function is a dependency ("dependable") itself, it also declares another dependency (it "depends" on something else).
    * It depends on the `query_extractor`, and assigns the value returned by it to the parameter `q`.
* It also declares an optional `last_query` cookie, as a `str`.