byte[] b = inv.getArgument(0);
            int off = inv.getArgument(1);
            b[off] = 0x01;
            b[off + 1] = 0x02;
            b[off + 2] = 0x03;
            b[off + 3] = 0x04;
            b[off + 4] = 0x05;
            b[off + 5] = 0x06;
            b[off + 6] = 0x07;
            b[off + 7] = 0x08;
            return 8;
        }).when(raf).read(any(byte[].class), anyInt(), eq(8));

    void testSetFlagFalse() {
        msg.setFlag(0x4, true);
        msg.setFlag(0x4, false);
        assertFalse(msg.getFlag(0x4), "Bit should be cleared after setFlag(false)");
    }

    // ---------------- Static read tests -----------------
    @Test
    @DisplayName("readULong correctly interprets little endian")
    void testReadULong() {
        byte[] a = new byte[] { (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x04 };

    // flags (not the same as flags constructor argument)
    static final int FLAGS_RETURN_ADDITIONAL_INFO = 0x01;
    static final int FLAGS_REQUEST_OPLOCK = 0x02;
    static final int FLAGS_REQUEST_BATCH_OPLOCK = 0x04;

    // Access Mode Encoding for desiredAccess
    static final int SHARING_COMPATIBILITY = 0x00;
    static final int SHARING_DENY_READ_WRITE_EXECUTE = 0x10;
    static final int SHARING_DENY_WRITE = 0x20;

                (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x07, (byte) 0x08
              },
              0x89abcdef,
              0x0123456789abcdefL, // asInt/asLong as above, due to equal eight first bytes
              "efcdab89674523010102030405060708"),
          new ExpectedHashCode(
              new byte[] {(byte) 0xdf, (byte) 0x9b, (byte) 0x57, (byte) 0x13},
              0x13579bdf,
              null,

    }

    /**
     * Test constructor with a malformed token.
     */
    @Test
    void testConstructorMalformed() {
        byte[] malformedToken = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 };
        assertThrows(PACDecodingException.class, () -> new KerberosEncData(malformedToken, Collections.emptyMap()));
    }

    /**
     * Test constructor with an unknown field.
     *

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Multiple reads update offset correctly")
    void testMultipleReadsUpdateOffset() {
        byte[] buffer1 = new byte[] { 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }; // 16
        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[] { 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }; // 32

        response.readParameterWordsWireFormat(buffer1, 0);
        assertEquals(16L, response.getOffset(), "First read should set offset to 16");

        new byte[] {
          0x01, (byte) 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18,
          0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
          0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,

     * Context flag for anonymity capability
     */
    public static final int ANONYMITY = 0x08;
    /**
     * Context flag for confidentiality (encryption) capability
     */
    public static final int CONFIDENTIALITY = 0x04;
    /**
     * Context flag for integrity (signing) capability
     */
    public static final int INTEGRITY = 0x02;

            assertEquals(0x01, ACE.FLAGS_OBJECT_INHERIT, "FLAGS_OBJECT_INHERIT should be 0x01");
            assertEquals(0x02, ACE.FLAGS_CONTAINER_INHERIT, "FLAGS_CONTAINER_INHERIT should be 0x02");
            assertEquals(0x04, ACE.FLAGS_NO_PROPAGATE, "FLAGS_NO_PROPAGATE should be 0x04");
            assertEquals(0x08, ACE.FLAGS_INHERIT_ONLY, "FLAGS_INHERIT_ONLY should be 0x08");

    private CommonServerMessageBlock message;

    private byte[] testData;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        MockitoAnnotations.openMocks(this);
        testData = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08 };
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test sign method with valid parameters")
    void testSignWithValidParameters() {
        // Arrange
        int offset = 0;