* that conversion is safe.
   *
   * <p>This method is intended to help with usages of type parameters that have {@linkplain
   * ParametricNullness parametric nullness}. If a type parameter instead ranges over only non-null
   * types (or if the type is a non-variable type, like {@code String}), then code should almost
   * never use this method, preferring instead to call {@code requireNonNull} so as to benefit from

   * that conversion is safe.
   *
   * <p>This method is intended to help with usages of type parameters that have {@linkplain
   * ParametricNullness parametric nullness}. If a type parameter instead ranges over only non-null
   * types (or if the type is a non-variable type, like {@code String}), then code should almost
   * never use this method, preferring instead to call {@code requireNonNull} so as to benefit from

* `routes`: A list of routes, these are each of the registered *path operations*. They are taken from `app.routes`.

/// info

The parameter `summary` is available in OpenAPI 3.1.0 and above, supported by FastAPI 0.99.0 and above.

///

## Overriding the defaults { #overriding-the-defaults }

          .when(mockFlushable)
          .flush();
    }
  }

  // Flush the flushable using the Flushables, passing in the swallowException
  // parameter. expectThrown determines whether we expect an exception to
  // be thrown by Flushables.flush;
  private void doFlush(Flushable flushable, boolean swallowException, boolean expectThrown)
      throws IOException {
    try {

   * of the supertype that suggests that implementations are expected to tolerate null. That said, I
   * see calls in Google code that pass a null `dir` to a FilenameFilter.... So let's declare the
   * parameter as non-nullable (since passing null to a FilenameFilter is unsafe in general), but if
   * someone still manages to pass null, let's continue to have the method work.
   *

Hier ist ein Beispiel für eine *Pfadoperation* mit Parametern, die einige der oben genannten Typen verwenden.

{* ../../docs_src/extra_data_types/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[1,3,12:16] *}

Beachten Sie, dass die Parameter innerhalb der Funktion ihren natürlichen Datentyp haben und Sie beispielsweise normale Datumsmanipulationen durchführen können, wie zum Beispiel:

# 响应头 { #response-headers }

## 使用 `Response` 参数 { #use-a-response-parameter }

你可以在你的*路径操作函数*中声明一个 `Response` 类型的参数（就像你可以为 cookies 做的那样）。

然后你可以在这个*临时*响应对象中设置头部。

{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1, 7:8] *}

然后你可以像平常一样返回任何你需要的对象（例如一个 `dict` 或者一个数据库模型）。

如果你声明了一个 `response_model`，它仍然会被用来过滤和转换你返回的对象。

**FastAPI** 将使用这个*临时*响应来提取头部（也包括 cookies 和状态码），并将它们放入包含你返回的值的最终响应中，该响应由任何 `response_model` 过滤。

# 查询参数模型 { #query-parameter-models }

如果你有一组具有相关性的**查询参数**，你可以创建一个 **Pydantic 模型**来声明它们。

这将允许你在**多个地方**去**复用模型**，并且一次性为所有参数声明验证和元数据。😎

/// note | 注意

FastAPI 从 `0.115.0` 版本开始支持这个特性。🤓

///

## 使用 Pydantic 模型的查询参数 { #query-parameters-with-a-pydantic-model }

在一个 **Pydantic 模型**中声明你需要的**查询参数**，然后将参数声明为 `Query`：

{* ../../docs_src/query_param_models/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[9:13,17] *}

under the License.
-->

<paramdoc xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 ../../../../../../../maven-plugin-parameter-documenter/target/generated-site/xsd/paramdoc-1.0.0.xsd ">
<expressions>
  <expression>
    <syntax>project.distributionManagementArtifactRepository</syntax>
    <configuration>
      <![CDATA[
<distributionManagement>

* to reach users: донести до пользователей (or `привлечь внимание пользователей` in the promotion context)
* body (meaning HTTP request body): тело запроса
* body (meaning HTTP response body): тело ответа
* body parameter : body-параметр (or `параметр тела запроса`)
* validate: валидировать (or `выполнить валидацию`)
* requirements (meaning dependencies): зависимости