from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(
    q: Union[str, None] = Query(
        default=None,
        title="Query string",
        description="Query string for the items to search in the database that have a good match",
        min_length=3,
    ),
):
    results = {"items": [{"item_id": "Foo"}, {"item_id": "Bar"}]}
    if q:

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.middleware.tutorial001_py39 import app

client = TestClient(app)


def test_response_headers():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert "X-Process-Time" in response.headers


def test_openapi_schema():
    response = client.get("/openapi.json")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str | None = None
    description: str | None = None
    price: float | None = None
    tax: float = 10.5
    tags: list[str] = []


items = {
    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

app = FastAPI()


class UserIn(BaseModel):
    username: str
    password: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None


class UserOut(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None


class UserInDB(BaseModel):
    username: str
    hashed_password: str

import random
from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import AfterValidator

app = FastAPI()

data = {
    "isbn-9781529046137": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy",
    "imdb-tt0371724": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy",
    "isbn-9781439512982": "Isaac Asimov: The Complete Stories, Vol. 2",
}


def check_valid_id(id: str):
    if not id.startswith(("isbn-", "imdb-")):

    }
  }

  private fun service(from: Socket) {
    val name = "SocksProxy ${from.remoteSocketAddress}"
    threadName(name) {
      try {
        val fromSource = from.source().buffer()
        val fromSink = from.sink().buffer()
        hello(fromSource, fromSink)
        acceptCommand(from.inetAddress, fromSource, fromSink)
        openSockets.add(from)
      } catch (e: IOException) {

import importlib
from unittest.mock import patch

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        "tutorial001_py39",
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.body.{request.param}")

You can use:

* `HTTPException`
* `WebSocketException`

These exceptions can be imported directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import HTTPException, WebSocketException
```

::: fastapi.HTTPException

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from fastapi.websockets import WebSocket

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_main():
    return {"msg": "Hello World"}


@app.websocket("/ws")
async def websocket(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.accept()
    await websocket.send_json({"msg": "Hello WebSocket"})
    await websocket.close()


def test_read_main():

 * ExecutionException}, the error's {@linkplain #getCause() cause} comes from a failed task,
 * possibly run in another thread. That cause should itself be an {@code Error}; if not, use {@code
 * ExecutionException} or {@link UncheckedExecutionException}. This allows the client code to
 * continue to distinguish between exceptions and errors, even when they come from other threads.
 *
 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 10.0
 */