ImmutableLongArray iia = ImmutableLongArray.of(0, 1, 3);
    assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> iia.get(-1));
    assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> iia.get(3));

    ImmutableLongArray sub = iia.subArray(1, 2);
    assertThrows(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> sub.get(-1));
  }

  public void testIndexOf() {

/**
 * Implementation class of {@link BeanDesc}.
 *
 * @author higa
 */
public class BeanDescImpl implements BeanDesc {

    /** Empty object array */
    protected static final Object[] EMPTY_ARGS = new Object[0];

    /** Empty class array */
    protected static final Class<?>[] EMPTY_PARAM_TYPES = new Class<?>[0];

    /** The class of the bean */
    protected final Class<?> beanClass;

```Python hl_lines="1"
{!> ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py310.py!}
```

////

使用 `str | None` 而不是單純的 `str`，可以讓編輯器幫你偵測錯誤，例如你以為某個值一定是 `str`，但它其實也可能是 `None`。

### 類別作為型別 { #classes-as-types }

你也可以用類別來宣告變數的型別。

假設你有一個 `Person` 類別，帶有名稱：

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial010_py310.py hl[1:3] *}

接著你可以宣告一個變數為 `Person` 型別：

		if err != nil {
			return c, err
		}

		if p.ClaimUserinfo && configURL == "" {
			return c, errors.New("please specify config_url to enable fetching claims from UserInfo endpoint")
		}

		if scopeList := getCfgVal(Scopes); scopeList != "" {
			var scopes []string
			for scope := range strings.SplitSeq(scopeList, ",") {
				scope = strings.TrimSpace(scope)

        // TODO - rename some incubating types to remove collisions and then remove these exclusions
        excludedPackages.add("org.gradle.plugins.binaries.model");

        // Exclude classes that were moved in a different package but the deprecated ones are not removed yet
        excludedPackages.add("org.gradle.platform.base.test");
        return excludedPackages;
    }

        assertEquals("plugin", artifact.getName());
        assertEquals("", artifact.getVersion());
    }

    // Test inner classes
    @Test
    public void test_Artifact_constructor() {
        Artifact artifact = new Artifact("test", "1.0.0", "http://test.com/test.jar");
        assertEquals("test", artifact.getName());

/**
 * Derived suite generators, split out of the suite builders so that they are available to GWT.
 *
 * @author George van den Driessche
 */
@GwtCompatible
@NullMarked
public final class DerivedCollectionGenerators {
  public static class MapEntrySetGenerator<K extends @Nullable Object, V extends @Nullable Object>
      implements TestSetGenerator<Entry<K, V>>, DerivedGenerator {

and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system which is
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made

        for (String query : uniqueQueries) {
            assertTrue(testFacetInfo.getAddedQueries().contains(query));
        }
    }

    // Helper classes for testing
    private static class TestFacetInfo extends FacetInfo {
        private final List<String> addedQueries = new ArrayList<>();

        @Override
        public void addQuery(String s) {
            addedQueries.add(s);

    }

    // Helper methods for creating mock objects
    private SearchRequestParams createMockSearchRequestParams() {
        return new MockSearchRequestParams();
    }

    // Mock classes
    private static class MockFessConfig extends FessConfig.SimpleImpl {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        @Override
        public String getCookieSearchParameterRequiredKeys() {