*/
    @Override
    public int read(final byte[] b, final int off, final int len) throws IOException {
        return inputStream.read(b, off, len);
    }

    /**
     * Reads some number of bytes from the input stream and stores them into the buffer array b.
     *
     * @param b the buffer into which the data is read

   * other {@code ClassValue} entries for the exception type to be tested. This lets us evaluate
   * whether our solution scales to use with multiple exception types and to whether it is affected
   * by other {@code ClassValue} users. Some of the benchmarked implementations don't use one or
   * both of these mechanisms, so they will be unaffected.
   */
  @Param({"0", "1", "12"})
  int otherEntriesInDataStructure;

## Dataclasses in Nested Data Structures { #dataclasses-in-nested-data-structures }

You can also combine `dataclasses` with other type annotations to make nested data structures.

In some cases, you might still have to use Pydantic's version of `dataclasses`. For example, if you have errors with the automatically generated API documentation.

**FastAPI** provides several middlewares in `fastapi.middleware` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available middlewares come directly from Starlette.

///

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware` { #httpsredirectmiddleware }

Enforces that all incoming requests must either be `https` or `wss`.

* Последовательность позиционных аргументов, которые должны быть переданы функции задачи, в порядке (`email`).
* Любые именованные аргументы, которые должны быть переданы функции задачи (`message="some notification"`).

## Встраивание зависимостей { #dependency-injection }

        final StringBuilder largeContent = new StringBuilder();
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            largeContent.append("Line ").append(i).append(" with some content\n");
        }
        final InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(largeContent.toString().getBytes());

        final ExtractData result = textExtractor.getText(in, null);

        assertNotNull(result);

{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial007_an_py39.py hl[1,12:24] *}

这类似于：

```Python
if not (credentials.username == "stanleyjobson") or not (credentials.password == "swordfish"):
    # Return some error
    ...
```

但使用 `secrets.compare_digest()`，可以防御**时差攻击**，更加安全。

### 时差攻击

什么是**时差攻击**？

假设攻击者试图猜出用户名与密码。

他们发送用户名为 `johndoe`，密码为 `love123`  的请求。

然后，Python 代码执行如下操作：

```Python

### Create a backup job

#### Backup Virtual Machines with Veeam Backup and Replication

- Under Home > Jobs > Backup in Navigation Pane, click on Backup Job button in the ribbon and choose Virtual Machine. Follow the on screen wizard.

- On the Storage screen, choose the Scale-out Backup Repository that was configured previously.

        byte[] data = "Test data".getBytes();
        ByteArrayInputStream underlyingStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(data);
        IgnoreCloseInputStream stream = new IgnoreCloseInputStream(underlyingStream);

        // Read some data
        assertEquals('T', stream.read());

        // Close should be ignored
        stream.close();

        // Should still be able to read
        assertEquals('e', stream.read());

    }

    @Test
    void testThroughputCalculation() {
        long initialThroughput = channelInfo.getThroughput();
        assertEquals(0, initialThroughput);

        // Add some data transfer
        channelInfo.addBytesSent(1000);
        channelInfo.addBytesReceived(2000);

        // Wait a bit to ensure time passes
        try {
            Thread.sleep(10);