<img src="/img/tutorial/websockets/image05.png">

## 处理断开连接和多个客户端

当 WebSocket 连接关闭时，`await websocket.receive_text()` 将引发 `WebSocketDisconnect` 异常，您可以捕获并处理该异常，就像本示例中的示例一样。

{* ../../docs_src/websockets/tutorial003_py39.py hl[79:81] *}

尝试以下操作：

* 使用多个浏览器选项卡打开应用程序。
* 从这些选项卡中发送消息。
* 然后关闭其中一个选项卡。

这将引发 `WebSocketDisconnect` 异常，并且所有其他客户端都会收到类似以下的消息：

```
Client #1596980209979 left the chat
```

Você pode usar as mesmas funcionalidades e ferramentas de validação que usa em modelos do Pydantic, como diferentes tipos de dados e validações adicionais com `Field()`.

//// tab | Pydantic v2

{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,5:8,11] *}

////

//// tab | Pydantic v1

/// info | Informação

No Pydantic v1 você importaria `BaseSettings` diretamente de `pydantic` em vez de `pydantic_settings`.

///

import importlib
from unittest.mock import patch

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        "tutorial001_py39",
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.body.{request.param}")

You can use all the same validation features and tools you use for Pydantic models, like different data types and additional validations with `Field()`.

{* ../../docs_src/settings/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,5:8,11] *}

/// tip

If you want something quick to copy and paste, don't use this example, use the last one below.

///

    SQLModel.metadata.clear()
    # Clear the Models associated with the registry, to avoid warnings
    default_registry.dispose()


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_an_py39"),
        pytest.param("tutorial001_an_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)

* Credentials (Authorization headers, Cookies, etc).
* Specific HTTP methods (`POST`, `PUT`) or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.
* Specific HTTP headers or all of them with the wildcard `"*"`.

{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}

* Credenciais (Cabeçalhos de autorização, Cookies, etc).
* Métodos HTTP específicos (`POST`, `PUT`) ou todos eles com o curinga `"*"`.
* Cabeçalhos HTTP específicos ou todos eles com o curinga `"*"`.

{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}

Use the `TestClient` object the same way as you do with `httpx`.

Write simple `assert` statements with the standard Python expressions that you need to check (again, standard `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip

Notice that the testing functions are normal `def`, not `async def`.

And the calls to the client are also normal calls, not using `await`.

* Anmeldeinformationen (Autorisierungsheader, Cookies, usw.).
* Bestimmte HTTP-Methoden (`POST`, `PUT`) oder alle mit der Wildcard `"*"`.
* Bestimmte HTTP-Header oder alle mit der Wildcard `"*"`.

{* ../../docs_src/cors/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,6:11,13:19] *}

Usa el objeto `TestClient` de la misma manera que con `httpx`.

Escribe declaraciones `assert` simples con las expresiones estándar de Python que necesites revisar (otra vez, estándar de `pytest`).

{* ../../docs_src/app_testing/tutorial001_py39.py hl[2,12,15:18] *}

/// tip | Consejo

Nota que las funciones de prueba son `def` normales, no `async def`.

Y las llamadas al cliente también son llamadas normales, sin usar `await`.