// The values here look like 111...11101...010 in binary, where the initial 111...1110 takes
    // up exactly as many bits as can be represented in the significand (24 for float, 53 for
    // double). That final 0 should be rounded up to 1 because the remaining bits make that number
    // slightly nearer.
    long floatConversionTest = 0xfffffe8000000002L;
    long doubleConversionTest = 0xfffffffffffff402L;

    for (long i = -3; i <= 3; i++) {

        // getLastWriteTime returns lastWriteTime (from readUTime) + serverTimeZoneOffset
        // readUTime multiplies the seconds value by 1000, and writeUTime divides milliseconds by 1000
        // So the round-trip should preserve the milliseconds value
        assertEquals(sampleTimeMillis + serverTimeZoneOffset, response.getLastWriteTime());
        assertEquals(1024, response.getSize());
    }

    /**

   */
  @VisibleForTesting
  static int optimalNumOfHashFunctions(double p) {
    // -log(p) / log(2), ensuring the result is rounded to avoid truncation.
    return max(1, (int) Math.round(-Math.log(p) / LOG_TWO));
  }

  /**
   * Computes m (total bits of Bloom filter) which is expected to achieve, for the specified

    return isRunning ? ticker.read() - startTick + elapsedNanos : elapsedNanos;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the current elapsed time shown on this stopwatch, expressed in the desired time unit,
   * with any fraction rounded down.
   *
   * <p><b>Note:</b> the overhead of measurement can be more than a microsecond, so it is generally
   * not useful to specify {@link TimeUnit#NANOSECONDS} precision here.
   *

        // NdrShort masks to 0xFF (8 bits) in its constructor
        int expected = input & 0xFF;
        assertEquals(expected, ns.value, "value should be masked to 0xFF before storing");
    }

    /**
     * Round-trip encode/decode for a selection of representative values.
     */
    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 42, 255, -1, 128 })
    void encodeDecodeRoundTrip(int original) throws Exception {

        return readDirect(b, off, len);
    }

    /**
     * Reads up to len bytes of data from this input stream into an array of bytes.
     * Optimized for better performance with larger read sizes and reduced round trips.
     *
     * @param b the buffer to read into
     * @param off the offset in the buffer to start writing
     * @param len the maximum number of bytes to read
     * @return number of bytes read
     *

 * converter.reverse().convert(converter.convert(a)).equals(a)} is always true). However, it is very
 * common (perhaps <i>more</i> common) for round-trip conversion to be <i>lossy</i>. Consider an
 * example round-trip using {@link com.google.common.primitives.Doubles#stringConverter}:
 *
 * <ol>
 *   <li>{@code stringConverter().convert("1.00")} returns the {@code Double} value {@code 1.0}

        }

        return len;
    }

    /**
     * Rounds up the size to 8-byte alignment.
     *
     * @param size the size to align
     * @return the aligned size
     */
    protected static final int size8(final int size) {
        return size8(size, 0);
    }

    /**
     * Rounds up the size to the specified alignment.
     *
     * @param size the size to align

        byte[] buffer = new byte[0];
        assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> cmd.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0));
    }

    /**
     * Test round‑trip encoding/decoding of ranges using the public
     * {@link LockingAndXRange} encode/decode methods.
     */
    @Test
    void lockRangeEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws Exception {

    class SizeTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should return correct size")
        void testSize() {
            int expectedSize = Smb2Constants.SMB2_HEADER_LENGTH + 4;
            // size8 rounds up to 8-byte boundary
            int expectedAlignedSize = (expectedSize + 7) & ~7;

            assertEquals(expectedAlignedSize, echoRequest.size());
        }

        @Test