*     {@link Short#MAX_VALUE} if it is too large, or {@link Short#MIN_VALUE} if it is too small
   */
  public static short saturatedCast(long value) {
    if (value > Short.MAX_VALUE) {
      return Short.MAX_VALUE;
    }
    if (value < Short.MIN_VALUE) {
      return Short.MIN_VALUE;
    }
    return (short) value;
  }

  /**

  private static final int[] EMPTY = {};
  private static final int[] ARRAY1 = {(int) 1};
  private static final int[] ARRAY234 = {(int) 2, (int) 3, (int) 4};

  private static final int LEAST = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
  private static final int GREATEST = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

  private static final int[] VALUES = {LEAST, (int) -1, (int) 0, (int) 1, GREATEST};

  // We need to test that our method behaves like the JDK method.

   *     {@link Short#MAX_VALUE} if it is too large, or {@link Short#MIN_VALUE} if it is too small
   */
  public static short saturatedCast(long value) {
    if (value > Short.MAX_VALUE) {
      return Short.MAX_VALUE;
    }
    if (value < Short.MIN_VALUE) {
      return Short.MIN_VALUE;
    }
    return (short) value;
  }

  /**

    assertEquals(3327428144502L, BloomFilter.optimalNumOfBits(Integer.MAX_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE));
    IllegalArgumentException expected =
        assertThrows(
            IllegalArgumentException.class,
            () -> {
              BloomFilter<String> unused =
                  BloomFilter.create(HashTestUtils.BAD_FUNNEL, Integer.MAX_VALUE, Double.MIN_VALUE);
            });
    assertThat(expected)
        .hasMessageThat()

    checkState(ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas > 0.0);
    // The product of two positive numbers can be zero if the multiplication underflowed. We
    // force a positive value by effectively rounding up to MIN_VALUE.
    double productOfSumsOfSquaresOfDeltas =
        ensurePositive(xSumOfSquaresOfDeltas * ySumOfSquaresOfDeltas);
    return ensureInUnitRange(sumOfProductsOfDeltas / Math.sqrt(productOfSumsOfSquaresOfDeltas));
  }

    }
  }

  public static final class FloatsAsListHeadSubListGenerator extends TestFloatListGenerator {
    @Override
    protected List<Float> create(Float[] elements) {
      Float[] suffix = {Float.MIN_VALUE, Float.MAX_VALUE};
      Float[] all = concat(elements, suffix);
      return asList(all).subList(0, elements.length);
    }
  }

    }
  }

  public static final class FloatsAsListHeadSubListGenerator extends TestFloatListGenerator {
    @Override
    protected List<Float> create(Float[] elements) {
      Float[] suffix = {Float.MIN_VALUE, Float.MAX_VALUE};
      Float[] all = concat(elements, suffix);
      return asList(all).subList(0, elements.length);
    }
  }

    }
  }

  public static final class IntsAsListHeadSubListGenerator extends TestIntegerListGenerator {
    @Override
    protected List<Integer> create(Integer[] elements) {
      Integer[] suffix = {Integer.MIN_VALUE, Integer.MAX_VALUE};
      Integer[] all = concat(elements, suffix);
      return asList(all).subList(0, elements.length);
    }
  }

  private static final BigDecimal MIN_INT_AS_BIG_DECIMAL = BigDecimal.valueOf(Integer.MIN_VALUE);

  private static final BigDecimal MAX_LONG_AS_BIG_DECIMAL = BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE);
  private static final BigDecimal MIN_LONG_AS_BIG_DECIMAL = BigDecimal.valueOf(Long.MIN_VALUE);

  public void testConstantsMaxFactorial() {

     */
    public static void validateIntegerAddition(int a, int b, String operation) {
        long result = (long) a + (long) b;
        if (result > Integer.MAX_VALUE || result < Integer.MIN_VALUE) {
            throw new ArithmeticException(operation + " would cause integer overflow: " + a + " + " + b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Validates integer multiplication for safe arithmetic
     *