import java.nio.ByteOrder;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

/**
 * Tests for the PacSignature class.
 */
class PacSignatureTest {

    /**
     * Helper method to write integer in little-endian format.
     */
    private void writeLittleEndianInt(ByteArrayOutputStream baos, int value) {
        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
        buffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);

  static final int SAMPLE_MASK = 0xFF;

  /**
   * Compute arrays of valid unicode text, and store it in 3 forms: byte arrays, Strings, and
   * StringBuilders (in a CharSequence[] to make it a little harder for the JVM).
   */
  @BeforeExperiment
  void setUp() {
    long seed = 99;
    Random rnd = new Random(seed);
    strings = new String[SAMPLES];
    for (int i = 0; i < SAMPLES; i++) {

If you want to:

* declare the `q` query parameter without a `Query` nor any default value
* declare the path parameter `item_id` using `Path`
* have them in a different order
* not use `Annotated`

...Python has a little special syntax for that.

Pass `*`, as the first parameter of the function.

        // Act
        int bytesWritten = write.writeParameterWordsWireFormat(dst, 0);

        // Assert
        assertEquals(10, bytesWritten, "Should write 10 bytes");
        // Check FID (little-endian)
        assertEquals(0x34, dst[0] & 0xFF);
        assertEquals(0x12, dst[1] & 0xFF);
        // Check count
        assertEquals(10, dst[2] & 0xFF);
        assertEquals(0, dst[3] & 0xFF);

        That's a lot of work they are doing, but if more FastAPI users came to help others like them just a little bit more, it would be much less effort for them (and you and me 😅).

        By asking questions in a structured way (following this) it will be much easier to help you.

* dependable: dependable (do not translate to "confiable" or "fiable")
* list (as in Python list): list
* context manager: context manager (do not translate to "gestor de contexto" or "administrador de contexto")
* a little bit: un poquito
* graph (data structure, as in "dependency graph"): grafo (do not translate to "gráfico")
* form data: form data (do not translate to "datos de formulario" or "datos de form")

> What’s the history of this project? It seems to have come from nowhere to awesome in a few weeks [...]

Here's a little bit of that history.

## Alternatives { #alternatives }

        Mac mac = Mac.getInstance("HmacMD5");
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
        mac.init(key);
        byte[] dk = mac.doFinal(MD5_CONSTANT);
        try {
            // little endian
            md.update((byte) (ms_usage & 0xFF));
            md.update((byte) (ms_usage >> 8 & 0xFF));
            md.update((byte) (ms_usage >> 16 & 0xFF));
            md.update((byte) (ms_usage >> 24 & 0xFF));

- name: autollm
  html_url: https://github.com/viddexa/autollm
  stars: 1002
  owner_login: viddexa
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/viddexa
- name: titiler
  html_url: https://github.com/developmentseed/titiler
  stars: 999
  owner_login: developmentseed
  owner_html_url: https://github.com/developmentseed
- name: lanarky
  html_url: https://github.com/ajndkr/lanarky
  stars: 994

FastAPI version 0.119.0 introduced partial support for Pydantic v1 from inside of Pydantic v2 (as `pydantic.v1`), to facilitate the migration to v2.

FastAPI 0.126.0 dropped support for Pydantic v1, while still supporting `pydantic.v1` for a little while.

/// warning

The Pydantic team stopped support for Pydantic v1 for the latest versions of Python, starting with **Python 3.14**.

This includes `pydantic.v1`, which is no longer supported in Python 3.14 and above.