// and overlong 2-byte form.
        if (byte1 < (byte) 0xC2 || bytes[index++] > (byte) 0xBF) {
          return false;
        }
      } else if (byte1 < (byte) 0xF0) {
        // Three-byte form.
        if (index + 1 >= end) {
          return false;
        }
        int byte2 = bytes[index++];
        if (byte2 > (byte) 0xBF
            // Overlong? 5 most significant bits must not all be zero.

          return newArrayListWithCapacity(3);
        }
      };

  /**
   * A Throwable used to record a stack trace that illustrates an example of a specific lock
   * acquisition ordering. The top of the stack trace is truncated such that it starts with the
   * acquisition of the lock in question, e.g.
   *
   * <pre>
   * com...ExampleStackTrace: LockB -&gt; LockC

    @Override
    protected Map<String, Integer> makePopulatedMap() {
      Table<Character, String, Integer> table = makeTable();
      table.put('a', "one", 1);
      table.put('a', "two", 2);
      table.put('a', "three", 3);
      table.put('b', "four", 4);
      return table.row('a');
    }
  }

  static final Function<@Nullable Integer, @Nullable Integer> DIVIDE_BY_2 =

    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
      limiter.acquire(); // // #1
    }
    stopwatch.sleepMillis(4500); // #2: back to cold state (warmup period + repay last acquire)
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // only three steps, we're somewhere in the warmup period
      limiter.acquire(); // #3
    }

    limiter.setRate(4.0); // double the rate!
    limiter.acquire(); // #4, we repay the debt of the last acquire (imposed by the old rate)

    @Override
    protected Map<String, Integer> makePopulatedMap() {
      Table<Character, String, Integer> table = makeTable();
      table.put('a', "one", 1);
      table.put('a', "two", 2);
      table.put('a', "three", 3);
      table.put('b', "four", 4);
      return table.row('a');
    }
  }

  static final Function<@Nullable Integer, @Nullable Integer> DIVIDE_BY_2 =

    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
      limiter.acquire(); // // #1
    }
    stopwatch.sleepMillis(4500); // #2: back to cold state (warmup period + repay last acquire)
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // only three steps, we're somewhere in the warmup period
      limiter.acquire(); // #3
    }

    limiter.setRate(4.0); // double the rate!
    limiter.acquire(); // #4, we repay the debt of the last acquire (imposed by the old rate)

    List<Double> one = Arrays.asList(1.0);
    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(one)).isEqualTo(ARRAY1);

    double[] array = {0.0, 1.0, Math.PI};

    List<Double> three = Arrays.asList(0.0, 1.0, Math.PI);
    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(three)).isEqualTo(array);

    assertThat(Doubles.toArray(Doubles.asList(array))).isEqualTo(array);
  }

  public void testToArray_threadSafe() {

    List<Long> one = Arrays.asList(1L);
    assertThat(Longs.toArray(one)).isEqualTo(ARRAY1);

    long[] array = {0L, 1L, 0x0FF1C1AL};

    List<Long> three = Arrays.asList(0L, 1L, 0x0FF1C1AL);
    assertThat(Longs.toArray(three)).isEqualTo(array);

    assertThat(Longs.toArray(Longs.asList(array))).isEqualTo(array);
  }

  public void testToArray_threadSafe() {

    List<Short> one = Arrays.asList((short) 1);
    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(one)).isEqualTo(ARRAY1);

    short[] array = {(short) 0, (short) 1, (short) 3};

    List<Short> three = Arrays.asList((short) 0, (short) 1, (short) 3);
    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(three)).isEqualTo(array);

    assertThat(Shorts.toArray(Shorts.asList(array))).isEqualTo(array);
  }

  public void testToArray_threadSafe() {

```Python hl_lines="2  7-10 23-25"
from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: bool | None = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: str | None = None):