# 高度な Python の型 { #advanced-python-types }

Python の型を扱うときに役立つ追加のアイデアをいくつか紹介します。

## `Union` または `Optional` の利用 { #using-union-or-optional }

何らかの理由で `|` が使えない場合、たとえば型アノテーションではなく `response_model=` のような場所では、縦棒（`|`）の代わりに `typing` の `Union` を使えます。

例えば、`str` または `None` になり得ることを宣言できます:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

Klaus Post <******@****.***> 1759093161 +0200

Harshavardhana <******@****.***> 1622584780 -0700

Anis Eleuch <******@****.***> 1701941636 -0800

    TypeToken<Object>.TypeSet types = new TypeToken<Object>() {}.getTypes();
    assertThat(types).contains(TypeToken.of(Object.class));
    assertThat(types.rawTypes()).contains(Object.class);
    assertThat(types.interfaces()).isEmpty();
    assertThat(types.interfaces().rawTypes()).isEmpty();
    assertThat(types.classes()).contains(TypeToken.of(Object.class));
    assertThat(types.classes().rawTypes()).contains(Object.class);

   *
   * @since 13.0
   */
  public class TypeSet extends ForwardingSet<TypeToken<? super T>> implements Serializable {

    private transient @Nullable ImmutableSet<TypeToken<? super T>> types;

    TypeSet() {}

    /** Returns the types that are interfaces implemented by this type. */
    public TypeSet interfaces() {
      return new InterfaceSet(this);
    }

# ADR-0003 - Avoid introducing Groovy types to public API

## Status

- ACCEPTED on 2024-01-12

## Context

Gradle's public API requires equal access from all JVM-based languages.
Kotlin, Groovy, Java, and other JVM-based languages should be able to use the Gradle API without relying on another language's standard library.

Historically, Gradle has shipped with some Groovy types in very prominent APIs.

    * JSON.
    * Pfad-Parametern.
    * Query-Parametern.
    * Cookies.
    * Headern.
    * Formularen.
    * Dateien.
* <dfn title="auch bekannt als: Serialisierung, Parsen, Marshalling">Konvertierung</dfn> von Ausgabedaten: Konvertierung von Python-Daten und -Typen zu Netzwerkdaten (als JSON):
    * Konvertieren von Python-Typen (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, usw.).

* Datenvalidierung
* Automatische Dokumentation

## Spezielle Typen und Validierungen { #special-types-and-validation }

Abgesehen von normalen einfachen Typen wie `str`, `int`, `float`, usw. können Sie komplexere einfache Typen verwenden, die von `str` erben.

Um alle Optionen kennenzulernen, die Sie haben, schauen Sie sich [Pydantics Typübersicht](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/) an. Sie werden einige Beispiele im nächsten Kapitel kennenlernen.

    TypeToken<Object>.TypeSet types = new TypeToken<Object>() {}.getTypes();
    assertThat(types).contains(TypeToken.of(Object.class));
    assertThat(types.rawTypes()).contains(Object.class);
    assertThat(types.interfaces()).isEmpty();
    assertThat(types.interfaces().rawTypes()).isEmpty();
    assertThat(types.classes()).contains(TypeToken.of(Object.class));
    assertThat(types.classes().rawTypes()).contains(Object.class);