```

O `typing` também tem um atalho para declarar que algo pode ser `None`, com `Optional`.

Aqui vai uma dica do meu ponto de vista bem subjetivo:

* 🚨 Evite usar `Optional[SomeType]`
* Em vez disso ✨ use **`Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

兩者等價且底層相同，但我會推薦用 `Union` 而不要用 `Optional`，因為「optional」這個詞看起來會讓人以為這個值是可選的，但實際上它的意思是「可以是 `None`」，即使它不是可選的、仍然是必填。

我認為 `Union[SomeType, None]` 更能清楚表達其含義。

這只是措辭與命名問題，但這些詞會影響你與團隊成員對程式碼的理解。

例如，看看下面這個函式：

```python
from typing import Optional


def say_hi(name: Optional[str]):
    print(f"Hey {name}!")
```

參數 `name` 被標註為 `Optional[str]`，但它並不是可選的；你不能在沒有該參數的情況下呼叫這個函式：

```Python

     *
     * @return An Optional containing the lowest matching version, or empty Optional if no versions
     *         matched the requested range
     */
    @Nonnull
    default Optional<Version> getLowestVersion() {
        return getVersions().isEmpty()
                ? Optional.empty()
                : Optional.of(getVersions().get(0));
    }

    /**

Hier ist ein Tipp aus meiner sehr **subjektiven** Perspektive:

* 🚨 Vermeiden Sie die Verwendung von `Optional[SomeType]`
* Verwenden Sie stattdessen ✨ **`Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.

     *
     * @return an {@link Optional} containing the list of goals, or empty if not specified
     */
    @Nonnull
    Optional<List<String>> goals();

    /**
     * Returns the target POM model version for upgrades.
     * Supported values include "4.0.0" and "4.1.0".
     *
     * @return an {@link Optional} containing the model version, or empty if not specified
     */
    @Nonnull

  }

  @AndroidIncompatible
  public void testJavaOptional() {
    FreshValueGenerator generator = new FreshValueGenerator();
    assertEquals(Optional.empty(), generator.generateFresh(new TypeToken<Optional<String>>() {}));
    assertEquals(Optional.of("2"), generator.generateFresh(new TypeToken<Optional<String>>() {}));

			Key:         apiRequestsMax,
			Description: `set the maximum number of concurrent requests (default: auto)`,
			Optional:    true,
			Type:        "number",
		},
		config.HelpKV{
			Key:         apiClusterDeadline,
			Description: `set the deadline for cluster readiness check` + defaultHelpPostfix(apiClusterDeadline),
			Optional:    true,
			Type:        "duration",
		},
		config.HelpKV{
			Key:         apiCorsAllowOrigin,

    private ProtoLookup(Map<Class<?>, Object> components) {
        this.components = components;
    }

    @Override
    public <T> T lookup(Class<T> type) {
        Optional<T> optional = lookupOptional(type);
        if (optional.isPresent()) {
            return optional.get();
        } else {
            throw new LookupException("No mapping for key: " + type.getName());
        }
    }

    @Override

  public void testEmptiesFirst() {
    Optional<String> empty = Optional.empty();
    Optional<String> abc = Optional.of("abc");
    Optional<String> z = Optional.of("z");

    Comparator<Optional<String>> comparator = emptiesFirst(comparing(String::length));
    testComparator(comparator, empty, z, abc);

    // Just demonstrate that no explicit type parameter is required
    Comparator<Optional<String>> unused = emptiesFirst(naturalOrder());

Вот совет с моей очень субъективной точки зрения:

- 🚨 Избегайте использования `Optional[SomeType]`
- Вместо этого ✨ используйте **`Union[SomeType, None]`** ✨.